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Historiography
The study of methods historians use to develop history.
Sacred music
Music of the church intended for specific rituals.
Secular music
Music associated with a particular court, not tied to the church, but could be inspired by it.
Iconography
The study of art, paintings, and carvings that tell us about history.
Plain chant
Monophonic music free from regular metre, flowing, speechlike, usually with a narrow contour.
When did the Medieval era begin?
The Medieval era began with the fall of the Roman Empire in 476.
What are the two main powers in Medieval Europe?
The Church (Catholic) and the State (Monarchy).
Why is much Medieval music anonymous?
Because it was passed down orally and often not written down.
What is a key characteristic of Medieval music rhythm?
There are polarities, with some rhythms being very simple and others very complex.
What type of motion is typical in Medieval melodies?
Conjunct motion, often with narrow range and singable characteristics.
What kind of harmony is emphasized in Medieval music?
Perfect intervals with a modal quality.
How is chant primarily characterized in texture?
Chant is primarily monophonic, but can also be polyphonic, though rarer.
Why are dynamics and articulation in Medieval music uncertain?
They were not specified in notation and are left to the performer's discretion.
What is 'Organum'?
The earliest notated polyphony, based on pre-existing chant.
Who were the Troubadours?
Lyric poets in the south of France, writing from the 11th to 13th centuries.
What is unique about Jaufre Rudel's composition 'Amor de lonh'?
It represents a pure form of love seen as less likely to be fulfilled.
What was Guillaume de Machaut known for?
He wrote both sacred and secular music and was self-aware about his works.
What are the categories of the Mass?
Mass ordinary and Mass proper.
What is a significant feature of Mendelssohn's 'Wedding March'?
It has a deliberate rhythm and is recognized as a functional march.
What important publication emerged during the Renaissance?
The first printed collection of music in 1501.
What texture dominates Renaissance music?
Polyphony, with increased use of imitation.
What style of music did Josquin des Prez primarily compose?
Masses, motets, and secular music.
What is the significance of the song 'The Maple Leaf Forever'?
It takes an English Canadian perspective and was often more popular than 'O Canada'.
What type of music does Public Enemy represent?
A collective of artists known for their politically charged music.
Who is Alice Coltrane?
A trained musician known for her work in jazz and as a composer.
What is the character of a 'Red River Jig'?
A well-known Metis fiddle tune, strong in beat with possible metrical irregularities.
How is music's function considered in the context of a wedding march?
It serves a ceremonial purpose, marking a significant life event.
What defines the era of Romantic music?
It emphasizes emotion, individualism, and a broad range of musical expression.
What instrument classification began during the Renaissance?
Classification of instruments into categories.
What are the four main types of chanting in Japanese Shomyo?
Solo chanting, responsorial chanting, choral singing, and antiphonal.
What is unique about Hildegard Von Bingen's contributions to music?
She wrote music and texts that were rarely created by women of her time.
What types of themes are common in Troubadour lyrics?
Themes of personal expression and romantic love.
What was a significant invention during the Renaissance period?
The printing press.
What is a characteristic of harmony in Renaissance music?
The use of thirds and sixths considered consonant.
What is the relationship between music and ritual in the discussed cultures?
Music functions to accompany and enhance various rituals.
What does 'melismatic' refer to in musical context?
The use of many notes per syllable.
What does a strophic song structure mean?
A song structure where all verses are sung to the same music.
What does 'dynamic' in music refer to?
The volume of sound or intensity in a piece.
What is the role of the 'Mass ordinary'?
The texts that are the same every day during Catholic services.
In what form did Machaut write his music?
Rondeau form, characterized by a structured pattern of music and lyrics.
What is known about the performance of Medieval music?
It was often memorized and passed down orally rather than written.
What role did the Church hold in Medieval literacy?
Literacy was typically a privilege of the Church.
How does Medieval timbre primarily get categorized?
Mostly vocal, with little instrumental notation.
What defines the texture of most chant music?
Primarily monophonic, with all voices singing the same line.
What is a defining element of the Renaissance approach to dissonance?
Strict treatment that resolves to consonance.
In what way did the music of Mendelssohn reflect changes in functional music?
It strayed from traditional military purposes while retaining its functional use.
What is the cultural background of Susan Aglukark?
She is an Inuit songwriter known for humanitarian work.
What does the term 'polyphony' refer to?
A style of music with multiple independent melodic voices.
What emotions do Alice Coltrane's works typically evoke?
They often blend classical training with jazz traditions.
What are the defining features of monophonic texture?
All singers perform the same melody without harmony.
What does the 'Notre Dame school' refer to?
A collective of composers associated with early polyphony.
What is a critical aspect of 'responsorial' chanting?
It involves a soloist leading with a response from other singers.
What was significant about vocal music in the Middle Ages?
It was primarily vocal, with little instrumentation noted.
How are rhythms characterized in Medieval music?
They can be very simple or complex.
What pattern characterizes the melodic motion in Medieval music?
Typically characterized by conjunct motion with some disjunct leaps.
What aspects of music were not specified and remained speculative in Medieval music?
Dynamics and articulation.
What music form develops in the strophic form?
A structure where each verse is sung to the same melody.
How did the printing press influence Renaissance music?
It helped in disseminating music widely and preserving compositions.
What style of music emerged as dominant during the Renaissance?
Polyphonic music.
What are the two categories of prayers in the Mass?
Ordinary and proper prayers.
What societal role did troubadours have?
They were court poet-musicians expressing personal themes in their work.
What is a key stylistic feature of Machaut's 'Puis quen oubli'?
The use of distinct sections with repeating music and poetry.
What is a characteristic of the Reciting tone in Medieval chant?
It often features a narrow melodic contour.
What marked the transition from Medieval to Renaissance music?
An increased emphasis on individual expression and harmony.
What is a motet?
A piece of music in several parts with words, usually polyphonic.
What is the significance of musical notation that developed in the Medieval period?
It allowed for the preservation and transmission of musical works.
What was the role of oral tradition in Medieval music?
Music was often passed down orally, leading to many anonymous compositions.
What primary feature distinguishes Renaissance choir music?
Imitative polyphony where voices echo each other.
What does 'melismatic' style indicate in chanting?
A style where several notes are sung on a single syllable.
What does the term 'homorhythmic texture' refer to?
When all voices sing in the same rhythm.
What distinguishes polyphonic music from monophonic music?
Polyphonic music has multiple independent melodies, whereas monophonic has one.
What signifies the shift in attitudes toward harmony in Renaissance music?
The use of major and minor harmonies, creating a sweeter sound.
What was the common language of the Mass ordinary?
Latin, except for the Kyrie which is in Greek.
How did female composers like Hildegard von Bingen challenge their times?
By writing their own text and music, which was rare for women.
In what artistic form did Alexander Muir primarily work?
Songwriting and poetry.
How does rhythm serve a purpose in Mendelssohn's 'Wedding March'?
The deliberate rhythm reinforces the march's ceremonial function.
What form of expression was predominant among Troubadours?
Themes of love and personal emotion.
What does 'timbre' refer to in music?
The quality or color of musical sounds.
What did the rise of secular music during the Renaissance signify?
A shift from primarily sacred themes to a wider range of human experiences.
What is a traditional aspect of a wedding march's composition?
Strength in rhythm and structured beats.
What does the term 'Dai Hannya Ceremony' refer to?
A Japanese Buddhist ritual with roots in Shomyo music.
What does 'melodic embellishment' mean?
Adding decorative elements to a melody to enhance its beauty.
What notable cultural elements does 'The Hockey Theme' represent?
It embodies the ritual aspect associated with watching hockey.
What dual roles did Guillaume de Machaut fulfill within his compositions?
As both a composer of sacred and secular music.
What did the transition from Medieval to Renaissance periods bring to vocal music?
A more complex texture and increased use of harmony.
What does 'strophic' signify in terms of musical form?
A structure where the same melody is used for multiple verses.
What aspect of Medieval music is often left to speculation?
Dynamics and articulation, which were not standardized.
What was significant about how Medieval music was created and transmitted?
Little notation existed, relying heavily on oral tradition.
How does polyphony impact the listener’s experience of a piece of music?
It creates a fuller, richer sound with multiple independent melodies.
What is a primary characteristic of Renaissance music’s harmonies?
The consonance provided by thirds and sixths, replacing Medieval hollow intervals.
In what artistic context did Mendelssohn create works like 'Wedding March'?
As incidental music for Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'.
What is the contrast between sacred and secular music in the Medieval era?
Sacred music was primarily focused on the Church, while secular music explored a broader range of themes.
How does the concept of 'timbre' influence music composition?
It contributes to the overall sound color and emotional depth of the music.
What significant change regarding lyrics occurred during the Renaissance?
Increased emphasis on comprehensibility and specific text expression.
Who were prominent figures in the development of organum?
Composers from the Notre Dame school.
How does the role of chant evolve in the context of ritual ceremony?
Chant serves to elevate the spiritual experience during rituals.
What does 'modal' harmony signify in Medieval music?
Harmony that exists between major and minor tonalities.
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