College Chemistry chapter 1

Chemistry

The study of structure, properties, and behavior of matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume

Pure substance

A type of matter that has the same composition from sample to sample

Element

Pure substance that cannot be decomposed by physical or chemical means

Atom

Building block of an element

Compound

Pure substance with a definite composition made up of two or more elements that can be chemically decomposed

Mixture

Impure material that can be physically separated into 2+ substances. Exhibits properties of what makes it up

Heterogeneous mixture

Mixture in which the uneven texture is visible to the naked eye

Homogenous mixture

(Also known as solution) completely uniform texture, two or more substances present in unequal amounts, same proportions throughout sample, same physical state

Physical properties

Properties observed without a substance change; examples include boiling point, density, freezing piint

Chemical properties

Properties that can only be observed through chemical changes to a different substance; examples include flammability, reaction to acid, corrosiveness

Intensive properties

Properties of a substance that are independent of the amount of substance present; examples include density, temperature

Extensive properties

Properties dependent on the amount of substance present; includes volume, mass, and energy

Solid

Definite shape and volume, particles packed together in a fixed shape

Liquid

Definite volume but no definite shape; particles close together

Gas

No definite shape or volume; particles are far away from each other

Physical change

Conversion between the states of matter that do not change the amount of substance present

Chemical changes

Result in new substances

Methods of separating a heterogenous mixture

Filtration, centrifugation, suspension

Immiscible

Insoluble

Distillation

Method of separating a homogenous mixture that uses boiling points to separate the components

Exact numbers

Numbers that are given by definition or are counted

Inexact numbers

Numbers that depend on how they were determined

Mass

The amount of something there is; the SI unit is a kilogram; metric unit is a gram

Volume

Metric units are liters and milliliter (also called a cubic cm)

Length

A measure of distance; base unit is meter

Celsius

Temperature scale based in properties of water

Kelvin

Temperature scale based in properties of water