Unit 7: Period 7: 1890–1945 (copy)

Populists

Aggrieved farmers advocating radical reforms who raised the possibility of reform through government.

Progressives

Urban, middle-class reformers building on Populism's achievements seeking government involvement in reform.

Progressive Era

Period marked by increased involvement of the federal government in daily life and many reforms including conservation and regulation.

President Theodore Roosevelt

Prominent Progressive leader known for his trust-busting efforts and consumer protection legislation.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Federal law used by Roosevelt against monopolies to promote fair competition in the marketplace.

Dollar diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy aimed at securing favorable relationships with other countries through monetary loans.

New Freedom

Wilson's policy distinguishing itself from Roosevelt's, advocating for greater government control over business.

Espionage Act of 1917

Legislation that prohibited interference with military operations or support of U.S. enemies during wartime.

Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court case ruling that civil liberties can be curtailed during war if actions pose a 'clear and present danger'.

Palmer Raids

Government raids against suspected radical groups that resulted in thousands of arrests and deportations.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Government agency that created propaganda to garner public support for World War I.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement in the 1920s emphasizing Black artistic expression and centered in Harlem, New York.

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

Legislation that set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against certain groups.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Legal case that debated the teaching of evolution in schools and showcased the clash between tradition and progress.

Prohibition

National ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol resulting from the 18th Amendment.

Great Depression

Economic downturn that began with the stock market crash in 1929 and led to widespread financial hardship.

New Deal

FDR's series of programs aimed at economic recovery from the Great Depression including banking and labor reforms.

Keynesian economics

Economic theory advocating for government spending to stimulate economic growth.

Lend-Lease Act

U.S. policy allowing the provision of military aid to Allies during World War II.

Yalta Conference

Meeting of Allied leaders to discuss postwar plans and the reorganization of Europe after WWII.

Iron Curtain

Metaphor representing the division between Eastern and Western Europe during the Cold War.

Atomic Bombs

Nuclear weapons dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to hasten the end of World War II.

Muckrakers

Journalists and writers who exposed corruption and social problems during the Progressive Era.

Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

Progressive reforms that allowed citizens to propose and enact laws directly, approve or reject existing laws, and remove elected officials from office.

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

Federal Reserve System

The central banking system of the United States created in 1913 to regulate monetary policy and stabilize the economy.

16th Amendment

Authorized Congress to levy an income tax.

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people rather than by state legislatures.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol (Prohibition).

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany.

Red Scare

A period of intense anti-communism in the United States after World War I, characterized by fear of radical groups and government repression.

Modernism

A cultural movement that rejected traditional values and embraced new forms of expression in art, literature, and music.

The Jazz Age

A period in the 1920s characterized by the rise of jazz music and new cultural trends.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged traditional gender roles with their short hair, shorter dresses, and rebellious behavior.

Lost Generation

A group of American writers who came of age during World War I and expressed disillusionment with American society.

Dust Bowl

An ecological disaster in the 1930s caused by drought and poor farming practices that led to widespread crop failure and migration.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the economic crisis.

First New Deal

Focused on immediate relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression (1933-1935).

Second New Deal

Focused on social and economic security during the Great Depression (1935-1938).

Social Security Act

Established a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid to families with dependent children and the disabled.

Wagner Act

Established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and guaranteed workers the right to organize and bargain collectively.

Court Packing Plan

FDR's controversial proposal to expand the Supreme Court to appoint justices more favorable to his New Deal policies.

Neutrality Acts

Legislation passed in the 1930s to limit U.S. involvement in future wars, based on isolationist sentiments.

Pearl Harbor

Surprise attack by the Japanese on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, leading to the U.S. entry into World War II.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marking the start of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany.

Manhattan Project

A research and development project during World War II that produced the first atomic bombs.

Zoot Suit Riots

Series of conflicts in 1943 in Los Angeles between U.S. servicemen and young Mexican American men wearing zoot suits.

Japanese Internment

The forced relocation and imprisonment of Japanese Americans during World War II