AP AfAm Sem 1 Exam

“I look upon slavery as I do upon a deadly poison. The slaves are not contented nor happy in their lot.... The man I belonged to did not give us enough to eat. My feet were frostbitten on my way North, but I would rather have died on the way than to go back.

I have had to go through a great deal of affliction; I have been compelled to work when I was sick. I used to have rheumatism, and could not always do so much work as those who were well, —then I would sometimes be whipped. I have never seen a runaway that wanted to go back, —I have never heard of one.

The fear of being sold South had more influence in inducing me to leave than any other thing. Master used to say, that if we didn’t suit him, he would put us in his pocket quick—meaning he would sell us....

I have found good friends in Canada, but have been able to do no work on account of my frozen feet,—I lost two toes from my right foot. My determination is to go to work as soon as I am able....”

Why are narratives such as Johnson’s critical to the discipline of African American Studies?

They serve as historical accounts that connect to the present and demonstrate the humanity of African Americans.

Which statement is best supported by the data shown on the map?

The population of Addis Ababa is over 1,000,000.

The low population density of North Africa correlates to which of the following climate regions?   

Desert

One of Timbuktu's three great mosques, Sankoré Mosque, associated with Sankoré University, helped establish Timbuktu as the world center of Islamic learning from the thirteenth century to the seventeenth century.

 

Source 2

 

“Timbuktu...was an intellectual and spiritual capital and a centre for the propagation of Islam throughout Africa in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankoré and Sidi Yahia, recall Timbuktu's golden age.... 

Founded in the fifth century, the economic and cultural apogee¹ of Timbuktu came about during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It was an important centre for the diffusion of Islamic culture with the University of Sankoré, with...25,000 students. It was also a crossroads and an important market place where the trading of manuscripts was negotiated, and...gold was sold.... 

The mosques and holy places of Timbuktu have played an essential role in the spread of Islam in Africa at an early period; the three great mosques of Timbuktu...bear witness to the golden age of the intellectual and spiritual capital at the end of the Askia dynasty; and the three mosques and mausoleums are outstanding witnesses to the urban establishment of Timbuktu, its important role of commercial, spiritual and cultural centre on the southern trans-Saharan trading route, and its traditional characteristic construction techniques.”

Which of the following explains the significance of the Mali Empire to the discipline of African American Studies?

It is an example of an advanced West African empire with a documented history of cultural contributions.

Today this place is full of noise and jollity.
The guiding spirit that enables my husband to forge makes him do wonders.
All those who lack hoes for weeding, come and buy!
Hoes and choppers are here in plenty.
My husband is a craftsman in iron,
Truly a wizard at forging hoes.
Ah, here they are! They have come eager to find hoes.
Ah, the iron itself is aglow, it is molten red with heat,
And the ore is ruddy and incandescent.
My husband is an expert in working iron,
A craftsman who sticks like wax to his trade.
On the day when the urge to forge comes upon him,
The bellows do everything but speak.
The pile of slag rises higher and higher.
Just look at what has been forged,
At the choppers, at the hoes, at the battle axes,
And here at the pile of hatchets, large and small.
Then look at the double-bladed knives and the adzes.
Merely to list them all seems like boasting.
As for fowls and goats, they cover my yard.
They all come from the sale of tools and weapons.
Here is where you see me eating at ease with a spoon.

Which of the following statements best describes the poem’s primary purpose?

To praise the speaker’s husband for his craft and express gratitude for the wealth it provides

“We are sometimes asked ‘Do you speak African?’, as if there were but a single African language. A recent authority (Grimes (ed.) 1996) puts the number of African languages at 2,035: this number is not fixed, as some languages are still being ‘discovered’, while others with few speakers are being eliminated. Excluding languages introduced over the past two millennia or so, such as Arabic, Malagasy, Afrikaans, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, this figure of just over 2,000 breaks down into four large phyla: Niger-Congo 1,436 languages (including the Bantu family, which itself is often said to have 500 members), Afroasiatic 371, Nilo-Saharan 196 and Khoisan 35. A few Afroasiatic languages are spoken exclusively outside Africa, in the Middle East, which would reduce the figure for Africa somewhat. If we believe this figure of 2,000, then it represents nearly one-third of the world's languages.”

Which of the following statements best represents one important outcome related to the argument in the excerpt?

Bantu linguistic family contains hundreds of languages that are spoken throughout West, Central, and Southern Africa today.

“We are sometimes asked ‘Do you speak African?’, as if there were but a single African language. A recent authority (Grimes (ed.) 1996) puts the number of African languages at 2,035: this number is not fixed, as some languages are still being ‘discovered’, while others with few speakers are being eliminated. Excluding languages introduced over the past two millennia or so, such as Arabic, Malagasy, Afrikaans, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, this figure of just over 2,000 breaks down into four large phyla: Niger-Congo 1,436 languages (including the Bantu family, which itself is often said to have 500 members), Afroasiatic 371, Nilo-Saharan 196 and Khoisan 35. A few Afroasiatic languages are spoken exclusively outside Africa, in the Middle East, which would reduce the figure for Africa somewhat. If we believe this figure of 2,000, then it represents nearly one-third of the world's languages.”

Which of the following conclusions can be made from the data included in the excerpt?

Bantu is one of the largest linguistic families in Africa.

Which of the following provides the most helpful context for understanding the broader development of trade throughout the interior of the African continent?

Multiple regions are connected by rivers within the continent.

Which of the following conclusions can most accurately be drawn from the information on the map?

Variations in regional climates led to diverse trade opportunities in Africa.

Which of the following statements accurately describes a connection between the geography of Africa and the development of early societies on the continent?

The accessibility of seas and oceans supported the development of early societies.

Which of the following statements best explains the emergence of population centers in the Sahel and savannah grasslands of Africa? 

Fertile land supported the domestication of animals.

“The study of African American oratory is intricately interwoven with the study of history; and a central aspect of African American history is the persistent public discussions related to our American experience. Having to defend our humanity, to agitate for minimal rights, and to soothe the raw emotions of mistreated fellows, our speakers have been forced to develop articulate and effective speech behavior on the platform. That a principal dimension of black history is encompassed by platform activities in the form of lectures, sermons, and agitations should [be understood] without question [by] the student familiar with history. 

Unable to read or write English and forbidden by law (in most states) to learn, the African in America early cultivated the natural fascination with nommo, the word, and demonstrated a singular appreciation for the subtleties, pleasures, and potentials of the spoken word, which has continued to enrich and embolden [the African American’s] history. Thus, in part because of strict antiliteracy laws during slavery, vocal communication became, for a much greater proportion of blacks than whites, the fundamental medium of communication.” 

Which of the following statements best summarizes the author’s overall argument?

The spoken word is an essential part of the history of the African American community.

“Black Studies, as a socially engaged field of scholarly inquiry, is the progeny¹ of centuries of research that seeks to redress long-standing misconceptions of Black inferiority, African heritage, and cultural significance. As early as the nineteenth century, groundbreaking volumes containing radical reinterpretations of Black history were published....  

Historic social justice movements...led to fundamental alterations in...institutions of higher learning. The first contemporary initiatives toward the establishment of Black Studies programs on college campuses were ignited at Merritt Junior College in Oakland, California, in 1963.... Between 1968 and 1975 over five hundred academic units (programs and departments) offering Black Studies courses were in place across the country.... Black students and other students of color...challenged mainstream scholarly discourse.”

Which of the following explains a reason scholars began to produce “radical reinterpretations” of Black history?

To challenge prevailing myths about the lack of contributions of Afro-descendants

“Black Studies, as a socially engaged field of scholarly inquiry, is the progeny¹ of centuries of research that seeks to redress long-standing misconceptions of Black inferiority, African heritage, and cultural significance. As early as the nineteenth century, groundbreaking volumes containing radical reinterpretations of Black history were published....  

Historic social justice movements...led to fundamental alterations in...institutions of higher learning. The first contemporary initiatives toward the establishment of Black Studies programs on college campuses were ignited at Merritt Junior College in Oakland, California, in 1963.... Between 1968 and 1975 over five hundred academic units (programs and departments) offering Black Studies courses were in place across the country.... Black students and other students of color...challenged mainstream scholarly discourse.”

Which of the following claims best characterizes the emergence of African American Studies?

The development of African American Studies was a process that involved artistic, intellectual, and political endeavors to document Black experiences and contributions.

“Black Studies, as a socially engaged field of scholarly inquiry, is the progeny¹ of centuries of research that seeks to redress long-standing misconceptions of Black inferiority, African heritage, and cultural significance. As early as the nineteenth century, groundbreaking volumes containing radical reinterpretations of Black history were published....  

Historic social justice movements...led to fundamental alterations in...institutions of higher learning. The first contemporary initiatives toward the establishment of Black Studies programs on college campuses were ignited at Merritt Junior College in Oakland, California, in 1963.... Between 1968 and 1975 over five hundred academic units (programs and departments) offering Black Studies courses were in place across the country.... Black students and other students of color...challenged mainstream scholarly discourse.”

The development of Black Studies and African American Studies is most closely related to

the growth of the Black Campus movement in the 1960s and 1970s

Which of the following statements best describes the context in which this program was created?

In the years immediately before this conference, college students participated in the Black Campus movement, demanding culturally relevant learning opportunities.

Which of the following statements best describes African American Studies?

It uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze the history, culture, and contributions of people of African descent.

The sculpture depicted in the image best provides evidence of which of the following?

One of the world’s earliest advanced, large-scale societies

“PERSPECTIVES

Black Studies is fundamentally transdisciplinary. It is grounded in a range of traditional disciplines within the social sciences, humanities research, and natural and physical sciences. It exists not as a negotiation between or at the intersection of multiple coexisting disciplines, but as a separate yet integrated discipline concerned with questions that both encompass and transcend the individual fields, yielding areas of discoveries that offer unique research models, fresh syntheses, theoretical frameworks, methods, and insights applied to rigorous interrogation of all of human existence. It is an expansive, inclusive field of study.

Further, Black scholars have defined, articulated, and elaborated legitimate areas of scholarship, circumventing the restrictions of narrowly defined disciplines. The innovations of Black Studies research provide distinctive angles and critical perspectives from which facts and experiences are analyzed, presented, and written about.”

Which of the following statements best describes the significance of early African history to African American Studies?

African history is a critical theme of African American Studies so that scholars can correct misconceptions about early African history.

Which of the following statements is true of the area of Africa included on the map?

Some of the earliest complex, large-scale societies arose in this part of Africa.  

Which of the following statements best describes an impact of the trade routes depicted on the map?

They brought Islam from North Africa to the Sudanic empires.

Which of the following best explains the importance of griots to the Mali Empire?

They preserved the history and culture of the Mali Empire, which helped to maintain its traditions through generations.

A Muslim merchant’s journey to the Mali Empire in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was most likely motivated by

the appeal of lucrative trade with a wealthy and powerful West African empire

One of Timbuktu's three great mosques, Sankoré Mosque, associated with Sankoré University, helped establish Timbuktu as the world center of Islamic learning from the thirteenth century to the seventeenth century.

 

Source 2

 

“Timbuktu...was an intellectual and spiritual capital and a centre for the propagation of Islam throughout Africa in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankoré and Sidi Yahia, recall Timbuktu's golden age.... 

Founded in the fifth century, the economic and cultural apogee¹ of Timbuktu came about during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It was an important centre for the diffusion of Islamic culture with the University of Sankoré, with...25,000 students. It was also a crossroads and an important market place where the trading of manuscripts was negotiated, and...gold was sold.... 

The mosques and holy places of Timbuktu have played an essential role in the spread of Islam in Africa at an early period; the three great mosques of Timbuktu...bear witness to the golden age of the intellectual and spiritual capital at the end of the Askia dynasty; and the three mosques and mausoleums are outstanding witnesses to the urban establishment of Timbuktu, its important role of commercial, spiritual and cultural centre on the southern trans-Saharan trading route, and its traditional characteristic construction techniques.”

The presence of the building shown in Source 1 is a legacy of which of the following features of the Mali Empire?

Its position as an imperial power facilitating the spread of learning and culture in the region

One of Timbuktu's three great mosques, Sankoré Mosque, associated with Sankoré University, helped establish Timbuktu as the world center of Islamic learning from the thirteenth century to the seventeenth century.

 

Source 2

 

“Timbuktu...was an intellectual and spiritual capital and a centre for the propagation of Islam throughout Africa in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankoré and Sidi Yahia, recall Timbuktu's golden age.... 

Founded in the fifth century, the economic and cultural apogee¹ of Timbuktu came about during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It was an important centre for the diffusion of Islamic culture with the University of Sankoré, with...25,000 students. It was also a crossroads and an important market place where the trading of manuscripts was negotiated, and...gold was sold.... 

The mosques and holy places of Timbuktu have played an essential role in the spread of Islam in Africa at an early period; the three great mosques of Timbuktu...bear witness to the golden age of the intellectual and spiritual capital at the end of the Askia dynasty; and the three mosques and mausoleums are outstanding witnesses to the urban establishment of Timbuktu, its important role of commercial, spiritual and cultural centre on the southern trans-Saharan trading route, and its traditional

Which of the following best describes the impact of West African cultural institutions such as those found in Timbuktu?

Mosques and universities were centers of learning that attracted astronomers, mathematicians, architects, and jurists.

“When Ibn Battuta first visited Cairo in 1326, he undoubtedly heard about the visit of Mansa Musa (King of Mali from 1307 to 1332). Mansa Musa had passed through the city two years earlier making his pilgrimage to Mecca with thousands of slaves and soldiers, wives and officials. One hundred camels each carried one hundred pounds of gold. Mansa Musa performed many acts of charity and ‘flooded Cairo with his kindness.’ So much gold spent in the markets of Cairo actually upset the gold market well into the next century. Mali's gold was important all over the world. In the later Medieval period, West Africa may have been producing almost two-thirds of the world's supply of gold! Mali also supplied other trade items—ivory, ostrich feathers, kola nuts, hides, and slaves. No wonder there was talk about the Kingdom of Mali and its riches! And no wonder Ibn Battuta, still restless after his trip to Al-Andalus, set his mind on visiting the sub-Saharan kingdom.”

Which of the following claims best summarizes the significance of the pilgrimage described in the excerpt?

The display of wealth encouraged merchants to seek out trading opportunities with the Mali Empire.

“When Ibn Battuta first visited Cairo in 1326, he undoubtedly heard about the visit of Mansa Musa (King of Mali from 1307 to 1332). Mansa Musa had passed through the city two years earlier making his pilgrimage to Mecca with thousands of slaves and soldiers, wives and officials. One hundred camels each carried one hundred pounds of gold. Mansa Musa performed many acts of charity and ‘flooded Cairo with his kindness.’ So much gold spent in the markets of Cairo actually upset the gold market well into the next century. Mali's gold was important all over the world. In the later Medieval period, West Africa may have been producing almost two-thirds of the world's supply of gold! Mali also supplied other trade items—ivory, ostrich feathers, kola nuts, hides, and slaves. No wonder there was talk about the Kingdom of Mali and its riches! And no wonder Ibn Battuta, still restless after his trip to Al-Andalus, set his mind on visiting the sub-Saharan kingdom.”

Which of the following claims about the growth and sustained success of the Mali Empire is most accurate?

The use of crossbred African horses contributed to the empire’s ability to extend its power.

Which of the following statements best supports the idea that this document was created in a place with a rich cultural tradition?

Griots were respected historians and storytellers who maintained and shared a community’s history in West Africa.

“The Qadis and jurists of Timbuktu sent the Muezzin Yahma to greet the pasha, but...the Yahma did not offer the pasha the least hospitality. The pasha was extremely annoyed by his reception.... 

The Moroccans entered the city of Timbuktu on Thursday, May 30, 1591. They covered the city in all directions.... 

When the Moroccan army arrived...it found one of the countries that God had favored most in wealth and fertility. Peace and security reigned everywhere in all the provinces.... 

Everything changed at that moment. Danger took the place of security, misery replaced opulence.... People destroyed each other on all sides, in all places, and in all directions. There was...war....

These troubles endlessly continued and increased. [However, in the past, when the Songhai emperor was on the throne], no chief of any region dared attack the sovereigns of the land (Songhai), because God had dispensed so much vigor, audacity, courage, and majesty to their force...as has been seen in the recitation of the history of Songhai.” 

Which of the following best describes the role of griots in West African societies?

Women and men who preserved the knowledge of a community’s births, deaths, and marriages in stories

“The Qadis and jurists of Timbuktu sent the Muezzin Yahma to greet the pasha, but...the Yahma did not offer the pasha the least hospitality. The pasha was extremely annoyed by his reception.... 

The Moroccans entered the city of Timbuktu on Thursday, May 30, 1591. They covered the city in all directions.... 

When the Moroccan army arrived...it found one of the countries that God had favored most in wealth and fertility. Peace and security reigned everywhere in all the provinces.... 

Everything changed at that moment. Danger took the place of security, misery replaced opulence.... People destroyed each other on all sides, in all places, and in all directions. There was...war....

These troubles endlessly continued and increased. [However, in the past, when the Songhai emperor was on the throne], no chief of any region dared attack the sovereigns of the land (Songhai), because God had dispensed so much vigor, audacity, courage, and majesty to their force...as has been seen in the recitation of the history of Songhai.” 

The first paragraph of the excerpt best supports which of the following conclusions about Timbuktu? 

It served as a center of learning in West Africa for many years.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the information included on the map?

Great Zimbabwe traded gold with the Swahili Coast.

Which of the following statements best describes a pattern evident on the map?

The coastal location of East Africa’s city-states linked Africa to Arab, Persian, Indian, and Chinese trading communities.

“...We sailed for fifteen days and came to Mogadishu, which is an enormous town. Its inhabitants are merchants...When a ship reaches the port, it is met by...small boats, in each of which are a number of young men, each carrying a [gift]. He presents this to one of the merchants on the ship saying "This is my guest," and all the others do the same. Each merchant on disembarking goes only to the house of the young man who is his host...The host then sells his goods for him and buys for him...

We stayed there three days...on the fourth day...we went to the mosque and prayed...

We left Mogadishu...with the object of visiting the town of Kilwa in the land of the Zanj.

[Along the way,] we came to Mombasa, a large island...They have fruit trees on the island, but no cereals, which have to be brought to them...Their food consists chiefly of bananas and fish. The inhabitants are pious, honorable, and upright, and they have well-built wooden mosques.

We stayed one night in Mombasa, and then continued to Kilwa, which is a large town on the coast. The majority of its inhabitants are Zanj, jet-black in color, and with tattoo marks on their faces... 

The sultan...was noted for his gifts and generosity...as is prescribed in the Koran...” 

 Which of the following claims about the Swahili Coast could best be supported by Ibn Battuta's description?

Trade was an important part of the economy.

“The Prince of the Believers, Askiya Muhammad, then asked the sayyid to be his messenger to the Sultan of Mossi. The sayyid accepted this mission. He went to the land of Mossi and submitted the letter of his master, summoning the sultan to embrace Islam.

The Sultan of Mossi unwittingly declared that he first wanted to consult his ancestors in the other world. Consequently, accompanied by his ministers, he went to the temple of the idol of the land. The sayyid went along in order to see how one went about consulting the dead. First, the customary offerings were made. Then a very old man appeared. At the sight of him everyone lay prostrate, and the sultan announced the object of his journey. Answering in the name of the ancestors, the old man said, ‘I will never accept such a thing for you. On the contrary, you must fight to the last man until either you or they have fallen.’

Then the Sultan answered the blessed sayyid. ‘Return to your master and tell him that between him and us there can never be other than struggles and war.’” 

Which of the following examples provides evidence that Indigenous spiritual practices like those referenced in the passage continued into later periods?

African diasporic religions including Louisiana Voodoo

“The Prince of the Believers, Askiya Muhammad, then asked the sayyid to be his messenger to the Sultan of Mossi. The sayyid accepted this mission. He went to the land of Mossi and submitted the letter of his master, summoning the sultan to embrace Islam.

The Sultan of Mossi unwittingly declared that he first wanted to consult his ancestors in the other world. Consequently, accompanied by his ministers, he went to the temple of the idol of the land. The sayyid went along in order to see how one went about consulting the dead. First, the customary offerings were made. Then a very old man appeared. At the sight of him everyone lay prostrate, and the sultan announced the object of his journey. Answering in the name of the ancestors, the old man said, ‘I will never accept such a thing for you. On the contrary, you must fight to the last man until either you or they have fallen.’

Then the Sultan answered the blessed sayyid. ‘Return to your master and tell him that between him and us there can never be other than struggles and war.’” 

Which of the following statements accurately describes one religious context of the Songhai Empire?

The conversion to Islam by leaders of some African societies often resulted in their subjects blending aspects of this introduced faith with Indigenous spiritual beliefs and cosmologies.

Which of the following statements best explains the presence of pendants such as the one in the image in the Kingdom of Kongo?

King Nzinga a Nkuwu and his son Nzinga Mbemba voluntarily converted their kingdom to Roman Catholicism.

Which of the following statements best explains a connection between the pendant in the image and enslaved Africans in the Americas?

A pendant of a Roman Catholic saint created in the Kingdom of Kongo suggests that many West Central Africans were Christians before they arrived in the Americas as enslaved people.

“We...sent to your Royal Highness a letter.... In it we recounted the great victory which Our Lord had granted us. We explained that our kingdom was already Christian and we asked your Royal Highness to send us several clerics or brothers to teach us and to help us spread the faith. We also sent...our son and...our nephew, so that your Royal Highness may have them educated....”

Which of the following describes one factor that led to King Nzinga Mbemba’s statement that “our kingdom was already Christian”?

The voluntary conversion of the kingdom’s nobility allowed Christianity to achieve wide acceptance.

Which of the following best describes the context in which the triple crucifix was created?

The royalty and nobility of the Kingdom of Kongo voluntarily converted to Catholicism, and the faith gained mass acceptance

Which of the following was a long-term result of the historical process represented by the image?

The development of stronger ties between Kongo and Portugal that led the Portuguese king to demand access to the trade of enslaved people

Based on the image, which of the following statements best explains the impact of Christianity spreading to the Kingdom of Kongo?

A distinct form of African Catholicism developed that incorporated elements of Christianity and local cultural traditions.

Which of the following statements is true of the area of Africa included on the map?

Some of the earliest complex, large-scale societies arose in this part of Africa.  

The Africans found in Europe at this time could best be described as

elites in society

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of the statue?

To commemorate Queen Njinga as a skilled military and political leader

In 1641 a Dutch fleet composed of twenty-two warships with good land troops appeared in the port of Luanda. The Portuguese defended Luanda so badly that the town was taken, along with a goodly part of the kingdom.

Having learned of these advantageous events, Queen Njinga thought that the time had arrived for her to revenge herself against the Portuguese. She had always remembered in her heart how they had affronted her by proclaiming Ngola Arij the King of Ndongo. She sent the Dutch [her] ambassadors to congratulate them on their victories and to invite them to join their troops to hers so as to get rid of their common enemies once and for all

Which of the following is a similarity between Queen Njinga and Queen Idia?

Both rulers left a legacy that demonstrated the effectiveness of women as leaders.

“In 1641 a Dutch fleet composed of twenty-two warships with good land troops appeared in the port of Luanda. The Portuguese defended Luanda so badly that the town was taken, along with a goodly part of the kingdom.

Having learned of these advantageous events, Queen Njinga thought that the time had arrived for her to revenge herself against the Portuguese. She had always remembered in her heart how they had affronted her by proclaiming Ngola Arij the King of Ndongo. She sent the Dutch [her] ambassadors to congratulate them on their victories and to invite them to join their troops to hers so as to get rid of their common enemies once and for all.”

Which of the following statements best describes the perspective of the source?

A European visitor discussing Queen Njinga

Which of the following events explains the connection between Portugal and Africa evident in the painting?

In the late 1400s, West Africa began directly supplying Portugal with gold.

“The frequency of black African characters playing songs and dancing who appear in Golden Age Spanish comedies and short plays, as well as their mention in sociohistorical sources, is astonishing. In the light of this, the lack of awareness of present-day Spaniards about the presence of Africans in Spanish history is remarkable, particularly as Spain most probably had the largest black population in Renaissance Europe (Martín Casares 2005). Regardless of the fact that black Africans have been a significant element in the Spanish population for centuries, their importance has never been recognized.”

Which of the following contexts is most helpful for understanding the historical development discussed in the excerpt?

Trade between the Portuguese and West Africa increased significantly in the late 1400s.

“...Both [Portugal and Kongo] possessed general-purpose monies—gold and silver in Portugal and monetary cloth and nzimbu shells in Kongo... The two countries...[evolved] a rather complex system of currency exchanges and credits. The nature of this working arrangement can be gleaned from a ‘letter of credit’ which King Afonso I of Kongo drew up for his brother Manuel, travelling to Rome as his ambassador in 1540. Afonso asked for a grant of 5,000 cruzados, and in exchange, created a credit of 150 kofu of nzimbu for the King of Portugal in Kongo. Other such money matters in the mid-sixteenth century were handled by the Kongolese trade representative in the city of Lisbon, who for some fifteen years was António Vereira, a noble Kongolese resident there.”

Which of the following results occurred due to the relationship between Portugal and Kongo?

An increased population of Europeans in West Africa

Which of the following best explains why the artist may have incorporated the image of Queen Idia’s mask into their artwork?

To create artwork that connects modern African Americans to Africa

“I, Juan Garrido, black resident of [Mexico City], appear before Your Mercy and state that I am in need of making a probanza to the perpetuity of the king, a report on how I served Your Majesty in the conquest and pacification of this New Spain, from the time when the Marqués del Valle [Cortés] entered it; and in his company I was present at all the invasions and conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with the said Marqués, all of which I did at my own expense without being given either salary or allotment of natives or anything else. As I am married and a resident of this city, where I have always lived; and also as I went with the Marqués del Valle to discover the islands which are in that part of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was much hunger and privation; and also as I went to discover and pacify the islands of San Juan de Buriquén de Puerto Rico; and also as I went on the pacification and conquest of the island of Cuba with the adelantado Diego Velazquez; in all these ways for thirty years have I served and continue to serve Your Majesty—for these reasons stated above do I petition Your Mercy. And also because I was the first to have the inspiration to sow maize [corn] here in New Spain and to see if it took; I did this and experimented at my own expense.”

Which of the following was a main purpose of Garrido’s petition?

To seek recognition and rewards for his service to the Spanish Crown

One way in which the experience of the Moroccan healer Estevanico differed from that of Juan Garrido was that unlike Garrido, Estevanico

was forced into his role as an explorer

Which of the following helps to explain the large numbers of enslaved Africans arriving in the Carolinas and Georgia, as shown in the graph?

Charleston, South Carolina became the center of the United States slave trade. 

“Esi had been in the women's dungeon of the Cape Coast Castle for two weeks. She spent her fifteenth birthday there. On her fourteenth birthday, she was in the heart of Asanteland, in her father's...compound. He was the best warrior in the village, so everyone had come to pay their respects to the daughter who grew more beautiful with each passing day. Kwasi Nnuro [one of the men wishing to marry Esi] brought sixty yams [as a gift]. More yams than any other suitor had ever brought before. Esi would have married him in the summer, when the sun stretched long and high, when the palm trees could be tapped for wine, climbed by the spriest children, their arms holding the trunk in a hug as they shinnied to the top....
 

When she wanted to forget the Castle, she thought of these things, but she did not expect joy. Hell was a place of remembering, each beautiful moment passed through the mind's eye until it fell to the ground like a rotten mango, perfectly useless, uselessly perfect.
 

A [white] soldier came into the dungeon and began to speak. He had to hold his nose to keep from vomiting. The women did not understand him. His voice didn't seem angry, but they had learned to back away at the sight of that uniform, that skin the color of coconut meat.” 

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of this excerpt?

To convey enslaved Africans’ suffering as they were being forcibly separated from their communities and subjected to inhumane conditions 

“I, Juan Garrido, black resident...of this city...appear before Your Mercy and state that I am in need of making a [petition]...a report on how I served Your Majesty in the conquest and pacification of this New Spain, from the time when the Marqués del Valle [Cortés] entered it; and in his company I was present at all the invasions and conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with the said Marqués, all of which I did at my own expense without being given either salary or allotment of natives...or anything else. As I am married and a resident of this city, where I have always lived; and also as I went with the Marqués...[Cortés] to discover the islands which are in that part of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was much hunger and privation; and also as I went to discover and pacify the islands of...Puerto Rico; and also as I went on the pacification and conquest of the island of Cuba with...Diego Velázquez; in all these ways for thirty years have I served and continue to serve Your Majesty—for these reasons stated above do I petition Your Mercy. And also because I was the first to have the inspiration to sow maize here in New Spain and to see if it took; I did this and experimented at my own expense.”

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that Africans served an important role in colonizing the Americas?

They were intermediaries who spoke multiple languages.

“I, Juan Garrido, black resident...of this city...appear before Your Mercy and state that I am in need of making a [petition]...a report on how I served Your Majesty in the conquest and pacification of this New Spain, from the time when the Marqués del Valle [Cortés] entered it; and in his company I was present at all the invasions and conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with the said Marqués, all of which I did at my own expense without being given either salary or allotment of natives...or anything else. As I am married and a resident of this city, where I have always lived; and also as I went with the Marqués...[Cortés] to discover the islands which are in that part of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was much hunger and privation; and also as I went to discover and pacify the islands of...Puerto Rico; and also as I went on the pacification and conquest of the island of Cuba with...Diego Velázquez; in all these ways for thirty years have I served and continue to serve Your Majesty—for these reasons stated above do I petition Your Mercy. And also because I was the first to have the inspiration to sow maize here in New Spain and to see if it took; I did this and experimented at my own expense.”

Garrido and Restall provide evidence for which of the following statements about Africans in the Americas during the sixteenth century?

Africans worked in a variety of roles to colonize the Americas during European conquests.

Which of the following best describes a result of the process depicted in the image?

Africans became the largest group of people to arrive in the Americas before the nineteenth century. 

Which of the following describes the regions in Africa from which the enslaved Africans entered the slave trade as depicted on the map?

They were concentrated in West and West Central Africa

“From the mid-sixteenth century, when African traders in the Senegambia and Angola first supplied slaves to the Europeans... the [Atlantic] trade expanded dramatically through the eighteenth century....European enterprise in the Americas flourished whenever and wherever enslaved African labor was most exploited. Slaves were the region’s...most vital factor in the production of goods and services....

Atlantic trade wasn’t the African elites’ only concern by any means, but as various merchants, middlemen, and enterprising renegades recognized the increasing scope of Atlantic opportunities, they found ways to turn the slave trade to their advantage. The process was dramatically demonstrated by the highly centralized states—such as Oyo, Dahomey, and Asante inland from the Gold and Slave Coasts [in West Africa]—that incorporated trade with Europeans into their wars of expansion. They valued firearms from Europe among the most useful commodities. Gold Coast traders had imported sizable numbers of guns beginning as early as the 1650s, but by 1730 an estimated 180,000 firearms a year were flooding into the Gold and Slave Coasts, facilitating the rise and reach of predatory slaving states. These slaving regimes engaged in regular campaigns to plunder stateless societies for captives or to raid weakened polities that could no longer protect their people. Captives could be retained to swell armies and enlarge retinues or be sold to Europeans for goods and more guns, which only deepened the spiraling vortex of violence. Such predatory slaving states proliferated and gathered strength in the eighteenth century, and the privations and chaos attending their local wars made ever more refugees available for capture and sale abroad.”

Which of the following is a piece of evidence used by Brown to support his argument about the highly centralized states discussed in the excerpt?

Firearms began to arrive in the Gold and Slave Coasts of West Africa in large numbers by the eighteenth century. 

“From the mid-sixteenth century, when African traders in the Senegambia and Angola first supplied slaves to the Europeans... the [Atlantic] trade expanded dramatically through the eighteenth century....European enterprise in the Americas flourished whenever and wherever enslaved African labor was most exploited. Slaves were the region’s...most vital factor in the production of goods and services....

Atlantic trade wasn’t the African elites’ only concern by any means, but as various merchants, middlemen, and enterprising renegades recognized the increasing scope of Atlantic opportunities, they found ways to turn the slave trade to their advantage. The process was dramatically demonstrated by the highly centralized states—such as Oyo, Dahomey, and Asante inland from the Gold and Slave Coasts [in West Africa]—that incorporated trade with Europeans into their wars of expansion. They valued firearms from Europe among the most useful commodities. Gold Coast traders had imported sizable numbers of guns beginning as early as the 1650s, but by 1730 an estimated 180,000 firearms a year were flooding into the Gold and Slave Coasts, facilitating the rise and reach of predatory slaving states. These slaving regimes engaged in regular campaigns to plunder stateless societies for captives or to raid weakened polities that could no longer protect their people. Captives could be retained to swell armies and enlarge retinues or be sold to Europeans for goods and more guns, which only deepened the spiraling vortex of violence. Such predatory slaving states proliferated and gathered strength in the eighteenth century, and the privations and chaos attending their local wars made ever more refugees available for capture and sale abroad.”

Which of the following claims is made by Brown in the excerpt? 

African states that traded with Europeans held a significant advantage over societies that did not. 

“[After a slaving raid in West Africa] the invaders then pinioned the prisoners of all ages and sexes indiscriminately, took their flocks and all their effects, and moved on their way towards the sea [on the West African coast].... Having come to the next tribe, the enemy laid siege and immediately took men, women, children, flocks, and all their valuable effects. They then went on to the next district which was contiguous to the sea, called in Africa, Anamaboo. The enemies’ provisions were then almost spent, as well as their strength. The inhabitants [of Anamaboo] knowing what conduct they had pursued, and what were their present intentions, improved the favorable opportunity, attacked them, and took [the] enemy, prisoners, flocks and all their effects. I was then taken a second time. All of us were then put into the castle [by the people of Anamaboo], and kept for market. On a certain time I and other prisoners were put on board a canoe, under our master, and rowed away to a vessel belonging to Rhode Island [in British North America], commanded by Captain Collingwood, and the mate Thomas Mumford. While we were going to the vessel, our master told us all to appear to the best possible advantage for sale. I was bought on board by one Robert Mumford, steward of said vessel, for four gallons of rum, and a piece of calico, and called Venture, on account of his having purchased me with his own private venture. Thus I came by my name. All the slaves that were bought for that vessel's cargo, were two hundred and sixty.”

Which of the following helps explain the process depicted in the excerpt?

The slave trade increased monetary incentives to use violence against neighboring societies in Africa.

“[After a slaving raid in West Africa] the invaders then pinioned the prisoners of all ages and sexes indiscriminately, took their flocks and all their effects, and moved on their way towards the sea [on the West African coast].... Having come to the next tribe, the enemy laid siege and immediately took men, women, children, flocks, and all their valuable effects. They then went on to the next district which was contiguous to the sea, called in Africa, Anamaboo. The enemies’ provisions were then almost spent, as well as their strength. The inhabitants [of Anamaboo] knowing what conduct they had pursued, and what were their present intentions, improved the favorable opportunity, attacked them, and took [the] enemy, prisoners, flocks and all their effects. I was then taken a second time. All of us were then put into the castle [by the people of Anamaboo], and kept for market. On a certain time I and other prisoners were put on board a canoe, under our master, and rowed away to a vessel belonging to Rhode Island [in British North America], commanded by Captain Collingwood, and the mate Thomas Mumford. While we were going to the vessel, our master told us all to appear to the best possible advantage for sale. I was bought on board by one Robert Mumford, steward of said vessel, for four gallons of rum, and a piece of calico, and called Venture, on account of his having purchased me with his own private venture. Thus I came by my name. All the slaves that were bought for that vessel's cargo, were two hundred and sixty.

The excerpt represents which of the following genres of writing?

Slave narratives

“I look upon slavery as I do upon a deadly poison. The slaves are not contented nor happy in their lot.... The man I belonged to did not give us enough to eat. My feet were frostbitten on my way North, but I would rather have died on the way than to go back.

I have had to go through a great deal of affliction; I have been compelled to work when I was sick. I used to have rheumatism, and could not always do so much work as those who were well, —then I would sometimes be whipped. I have never seen a runaway that wanted to go back, —I have never heard of one.

The fear of being sold South had more influence in inducing me to leave than any other thing. Master used to say, that if we didn’t suit him, he would put us in his pocket quick—meaning he would sell us....

I have found good friends in Canada, but have been able to do no work on account of my frozen feet,—I lost two toes from my right foot. My determination is to go to work as soon as I am able....”

What factor most directly led to Johnson’s decision to escape?

The possibility of being sold and moved further south

Which of the following most directly contributed to the continuation of the trade of enslaved peoples from the continent of Africa?

There was demand from Europeans for enslaved people, and African leaders sold war captives from opposing kingdoms.

“Violent eruptions acted out by [enslaved people] were far from uncommon on the oceanic highway of the Atlantic. In 1769, after sales were finalized and 425 slaves were boarded in hollowed corners of the Liverpool vessel Unity, the commander Richard Norris directed his crew to make preparations to expedite sail toward Jamaica. Prior to their departure, Norris reported, ‘the Slaves made an Insurrection,’ pointing out ‘[it] was soon quelled....’ Archival records leave silent the number of people who rose in rebellion [and] the efforts used in their suppression.... With stories of black aggression criss-crossing the Atlantic and exposing audiences to the dangers sailors regularly confronted in the transport and management of slaves, Norris likely became familiar with these same maritime realities, preparing himself and his crew for a similar prospect of danger....

Ship revolts encapsulated a collective language of resistance. Sailors continually sought to prevent ‘chaining those together who speak the same language.’ Yet these divisive mechanisms often proved futile in thwarting collectivism among boarded captives. Forced to live altered lives as someone else’s property, they formulated beginning ideals of a community grounded upon a shared struggle of oppression. Unfamiliar with their geographical locations far from land out at sea, [enslaved people] adapted to their forced surroundings, routinely drawing upon the terrain of ships to reclaim their own versions of power and freedom. Those held captive were many times, in one scholar’s estimation, ‘unorganized, undisciplined, and united only in their insatiable desire for liberty.’”

Which of the following best describes the claim made by Mustakeem in the second paragraph of the excerpt?

African captives on slave ships overcame linguistic differences to act against their enslavement. 

“From the beginning [of the voyage from West Africa to Cuba] there was manifest discontent among the slaves.... We had been at sea about three weeks...and there was so much merriment among the gangs [of enslaved people] that were allowed to come on deck, that my apprehensions of danger began gradually to wear away. Suddenly, however, one fair afternoon, a squall broke forth from an almost cloudless sky; and as the boatswain’s whistle piped all hands to take in sail, a simultaneous rush was made by the confined slaves... and amid the confusion of the rising gale, they knocked down the guard and poured upon deck.... Meantime, the women in the cabin were not idle. Seconding the males, they rose in a body.... 

I saw that, between the squall...and the revolt...we would soon be in a desperate plight, unless I gave the order to shoot. Accordingly, I told my comrades to...fire at once. 

...The unharmed neither fled nor ceased brandishing their weapons.... But, being reinforced by the boatswain and carpenter, we took command of the hatches so effectually, that a dozen additional discharges... drove the refractory to their quarters below.”

Events such as the one described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following developments?

Activists used depictions of the dehumanizing conditions onboard slave ships to promote antislavery sentiment.

“It was after dark when we arrived at our lodging place, which proved to be the house of a small cotton planter.... This man and my master had known each other before, and seemed to be well acquainted.... As they kept up a very free conversation, through the course of the evening, and the house in which they were, was only separated from the kitchen, in which we [the enslaved African Americans] were lodged, by a space of a few feet, I had an opportunity of hearing much that was highly interesting to me.... I here learned, that so many of us as could be sold for a good price, were to be disposed of in Columbia [South Carolina], on our arrival at that place, and that the [rest] would be driven to Augusta [Georgia] and sold there.

The landlord assured my master that at this time slaves were much in demand, both in Columbia and Augusta; that purchasers were numerous and prices good; and that the best plan of effecting good sales would be to put up each [of us] separately at auction, after giving a few days’ notice, by an advertisement, in the neighboring country.

Cotton, he said, had not been higher for many years, and as a great many persons, especially young men, were moving [to settle] in Georgia, prime hands were in high demand, for the purpose of clearing the land in the new country; that the boys and girls, under twenty, would bring almost any price, at present, in Columbia, for the purpose of picking the growing crop of cotton, which promised to be very heavy; and as most persons had planted more than their hands would be able to pick, young [workers], who would soon learn to pick cotton, were prime articles in the market.”

The journey described in the excerpt is best understood as part of which of the following broader historical developments?

The internal slave trade within the United States forcibly displaced over a million enslaved persons, often by moving them from the upper South to the lower South and the Gulf states.

“There is a broad hall, situated in one of the most frequented streets of a large and well-known city in the South.... There are many gentlemen entering, and soon is gathered a large assemblage, by whom the chairs are occupied.... Four ladies, splendidly dressed...are [also] entering the hall....

“But, you will ask, for what reason is all this going on?... A SLAVE AUCTION! Great God in heaven! a SLAVE AUCTION! And that man upon the platform is the auctioneer!... 

“...The doors [are] re-opened, and...a large number of people...[enter] the hall. There are men, women and children, and some babies upon their mothers’ arms. Their color differs from that of the ladies and gentlemen sitting upon the chairs. Some are black..., some brown, some yellow.... Not one among all of these poor [people] will raise his or her head and eyes, to take a glance at the sitting assemblage. Some poor girls are weeping audibly, and all are looking sad—sad—sad! Reader, if you should happen to be of a gentle nature, take a glance at the little babies upon the arms of their poor and distressed mothers! Can babies feel their misery? Yes, indeed, they can. Every mother will endorse my words.... You, who have human feelings—you, who are no figures of cold marble—contemplate each of these one hundred and forty-nine descendants of Africa’s sons and daughters! Will you be still indifferent towards that ‘institution’ which degrades men to beasts, which is the deepest pit of barbarity?”

Based on the excerpt, Kramer would most likely support which of the following claims?

Slavery is not a benign institution but rather assaults the spirit of enslaved people.

“I grew up like a neglected weed,—ignorant of liberty, having no experience of it. Then I was not happy or contented: every time I saw a white man I was afraid of being carried away. I had two sisters carried away in a chain-gang,—one of them left two children. We were always uneasy. Now I've been free, I know what a dreadful condition slavery is. I have seen hundreds of escaped slaves, but I never saw one who was willing to go back and be a slave. I have no opportunity to see my friends in my native land. We would rather stay [there], if we could be as free there as we are here. I think slavery is the next thing to hell.”

Which of the following broader historical contexts best explains Tubman’s fear of “being carried away”?

Enslaved African Americans were often forcibly sold by plantation owners as a part of the domestic slave trade.

The Slave Auction

The sale began—young girls were there,

Defenseless in their wretchedness,

Whose stifled sobs of deep despair

Revealed their anguish and distress.

 

And mothers stood with streaming eyes,

And saw their dearest children sold;

Unheeded rose their bitter cries,

While tyrants bartered them for gold.

 

And woman, with her love and truth—

For these in sable forms may dwell—

Gaz'd on the husband of her youth,

With anguish none may paint or tell.

 

And men, whose sole crime was their hue,

The impress of their maker's hand,

And frail and shrinking children, too,

Were gathered in that mournful band.

 

Ye who have laid your love to rest,

And wept above their lifeless clay,

Know not the anguish of that breast,

Whose lov'd are rudely torn away.

 

Ye may not know how desolate

Are bosoms rudely forced to part,

And how a dull and heavy weight

Will press the life-drops from the heart.

Which of the following best describes the historical context of most slave auctions in the United States when Frances Ellen Watkins Harper wrote the poem?

Slave auctions largely served the needs of the domestic slave trade after the transatlantic slave trade was formally outlawed.

“The conventional interpretation of rice history in the [colonial] Americas assigns Europeans the role of ingeniously adapting a crop of Asian origin to New World conditions. This perspective, however, ignores the role of Africans in establishing a preferred food staple under slavery. The development of rice culture marked not simply the movement of a crop across the Atlantic but also the transfer of an entire cultural system, from production to consumption....

...[Rice cultivation was] a knowledge system long practiced in West Africa [that] was brought with slaves across the Atlantic....Its diffusion has been misunderstood and misinterpreted in ways that diminished the significance of the African origins of the crop and of the people who grew the rice, processed the grain, and prepared the food. Recovery of this African knowledge system promotes our understanding of rice history in the Atlantic basin and the African contribution to the Americas.”

Which of the following describes Carney’s primary argument in the excerpt?

Enslaved Africans successfully adapted skills, knowledge, and cultural practices of West African rice production to New World conditions.

[Describing a plantation in Mississippi] 

“There were 135 slaves, big and little, of which 67 went to field regularly—equal, the overseer thought, to 60 able-bodied hands. Besides the field-hands, there were 3 mechanics (blacksmith, carpenter and wheelwright), 2 seamstresses, 1 cook, 1 stable servant, 1 cattle-tender, 1 hog-tender, 1 teamster, 1 house servant (overseer’s cook), and one midwife and nurse.”...

 

[Describing a plantation in Alabama]

“Each overseer regulated the hours of work on his own plantation. I saw the negroes at work before sunrise and after sunset. At about eight o’clock they were allowed to stop for breakfast, and again about noon, to dine. The length of these rests was at the discretion of the overseer or drivers...

 

The plowing, both with single and double mule teams, was generally performed by women, and very well performed, too.... Twenty of them were plowing together, with double teams and heavy plows. They were superintended by a male negro driver, who carried a whip, which he frequently cracked at them, permitting no dawdling or delay... Throughout the Southwest the negroes, as a rule, appear to be worked much harder than in the eastern and northern slave States. I do not think they accomplish as much daily, as agricultural laborers at the North usually do, but they certainly labor much harder, and more unremittingly.”

Olmsted’s description in the second and third paragraphs of the passage could best be used as evidence of the implementation of which of the following in the American South?

The gang system

[Describing a plantation in Mississippi] 

“There were 135 slaves, big and little, of which 67 went to field regularly—equal, the overseer thought, to 60 able-bodied hands. Besides the field-hands, there were 3 mechanics (blacksmith, carpenter and wheelwright), 2 seamstresses, 1 cook, 1 stable servant, 1 cattle-tender, 1 hog-tender, 1 teamster, 1 house servant (overseer’s cook), and one midwife and nurse.”...

 

[Describing a plantation in Alabama]

“Each overseer regulated the hours of work on his own plantation. I saw the negroes at work before sunrise and after sunset. At about eight o’clock they were allowed to stop for breakfast, and again about noon, to dine. The length of these rests was at the discretion of the overseer or drivers...

 

The plowing, both with single and double mule teams, was generally performed by women, and very well performed, too.... Twenty of them were plowing together, with double teams and heavy plows. They were superintended by a male negro driver, who carried a whip, which he frequently cracked at them, permitting no dawdling or delay... Throughout the Southwest the negroes, as a rule, appear to be worked much harder than in the eastern and northern slave States. I do not think they accomplish as much daily, as agricultural laborers at the North usually do, but they certainly labor much harder, and more unremittingly.”

The information in the passage best supports which of the following arguments?

Enslaved African Americans of all genders performed a variety of domestic, agricultural, and skilled work.

“[Article 15]. We forbid slaves to carry any weapon, or large sticks, on pain of whipping and of confiscation of the weapon to the profit of those who seize them; with the sole exception of those who are sent hunting by their master.

[Article 16]. We forbid slaves belonging to different masters to gather during the day or at night whether claiming [to do so] for a wedding or otherwise, whether on their master's property or elsewhere, and still less in the main roads or in faraway places, on pain of corporal punishment, which will not be less than the whip and the fleur de lys and which in cases of frequent violations and other aggravating circumstances may be punished with death: this we leave to the decision of judges. We [authorize] all our subjects, even those who are not officers of the state, to approach the offenders, to arrest them, and to take them to prison, even if there is not yet any decree against them.

[Article 17]. Masters who are convicted of having permitted or tolerated such assemblies composed of slaves other than those belonging to them will be condemned... to pay for all the damage that will have been done to their neighbors by these said assemblies and a fine of 10 ecus for the first time and double for repeat offenses.”

Which of the following most directly influenced the creation of policies such as those in the excerpt?

Fear among enslavers of slave uprisings and other forms of resistance to slavery.

“I was born May 1815, of a slave mother, in Shelby County, Kentucky, and was claimed as the property of David White Esq. He came into possession of my mother long before I was born....

My mother was known by the name of Milldred Jackson. She is the mother of seven slaves only, all being sons, of whom I am the eldest. She was also so fortunate or unfortunate, as to have some of what is called the slaveholding blood flowing in her veins. I know not how much; but not enough to prevent her children though fathered by slaveholders, from being bought and sold in the slave markets of the South. It is almost impossible for slaves to give a correct account of their male parentage. All that I know about it is, that my mother informed me that my father’s name was James Bibb. He was doubtless one of the present Bibb family of Kentucky; but I have no personal knowledge of him at all, for he, died before my recollection.”

Which of the following best explains the author’s reference in the excerpt to his mother giving birth to enslaved children?

The legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem, which prohibited the children of enslaved Black women and free white men from inheriting the free status of their fathers

“If any thing has ever been proved and demonstrated again and again, it is THE LAWFULNESS OF SLAVERY....

It has been proved that the [Latin] maxim, ‘partus sequitur ventrem’ – or that the offspring inherits the status of the parent, is a law of nature, reason, religion, and providence, and that no man has any rights but those to which he is born, or which belong to that condition in which God places him by the hand of his providence....

He that is born a slave, therefore, has no right to liberty, and can acquire none, so long as the right of his master to his service stands in the way.”

Which of the following best explains how the concept of partus sequitur ventrem served the interests of enslavers in the United States before the Civil War

It perpetuated slavery over generations and determined the social position of racially mixed offspring.

“From the mid-sixteenth century, when African traders in the Senegambia and Angola first supplied slaves to the Europeans... the [Atlantic] trade expanded dramatically through the eighteenth century....European enterprise in the Americas flourished whenever and wherever enslaved African labor was most exploited. Slaves were the region’s...most vital factor in the production of goods and services....

Atlantic trade wasn’t the African elites’ only concern by any means, but as various merchants, middlemen, and enterprising renegades recognized the increasing scope of Atlantic opportunities, they found ways to turn the slave trade to their advantage. The process was dramatically demonstrated by the highly centralized states—such as Oyo, Dahomey, and Asante inland from the Gold and Slave Coasts [in West Africa]—that incorporated trade with Europeans into their wars of expansion. They valued firearms from Europe among the most useful commodities. Gold Coast traders had imported sizable numbers of guns beginning as early as the 1650s, but by 1730 an estimated 180,000 firearms a year were flooding into the Gold and Slave Coasts, facilitating the rise and reach of predatory slaving states. These slaving regimes engaged in regular campaigns to plunder stateless societies for captives or to raid weakened polities that could no longer protect their people. Captives could be retained to swell armies and enlarge retinues or be sold to Europeans for goods and more guns, which only deepened the spiraling vortex of violence. Such predatory slaving states proliferated and gathered strength in the eighteenth century, and the privations and chaos attending their local wars made ever more refugees available for capture and sale abroad.”

Which of the following is a piece of evidence used by Brown to support his argument about the highly centralized states discussed in the excerpt?

Firearms began to arrive in the Gold and Slave Coasts of West Africa in large numbers by the eighteenth century. 

“Esi had been in the women's dungeon of the Cape Coast Castle for two weeks. She spent her fifteenth birthday there. On her fourteenth birthday, she was in the heart of Asanteland, in her father's...compound. He was the best warrior in the village, so everyone had come to pay their respects to the daughter who grew more beautiful with each passing day. Kwasi Nnuro [one of the men wishing to marry Esi] brought sixty yams [as a gift]. More yams than any other suitor had ever brought before. Esi would have married him in the summer, when the sun stretched long and high, when the palm trees could be tapped for wine, climbed by the spriest children, their arms holding the trunk in a hug as they shinnied to the top....
 

When she wanted to forget the Castle, she thought of these things, but she did not expect joy. Hell was a place of remembering, each beautiful moment passed through the mind's eye until it fell to the ground like a rotten mango, perfectly useless, uselessly perfect.
 

A [white] soldier came into the dungeon and began to speak. He had to hold his nose to keep from vomiting. The women did not understand him. His voice didn't seem angry, but they had learned to back away at the sight of that uniform, that skin the color of coconut meat.” 

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of this excerpt?

To convey enslaved Africans’ suffering as they were being forcibly separated from their communities and subjected to inhumane conditions 

“I look upon slavery as I do upon a deadly poison. The slaves are not contented nor happy in their lot.... The man I belonged to did not give us enough to eat. My feet were frostbitten on my way North, but I would rather have died on the way than to go back.

I have had to go through a great deal of affliction; I have been compelled to work when I was sick. I used to have rheumatism, and could not always do so much work as those who were well, —then I would sometimes be whipped. I have never seen a runaway that wanted to go back, —I have never heard of one.

The fear of being sold South had more influence in inducing me to leave than any other thing. Master used to say, that if we didn’t suit him, he would put us in his pocket quick—meaning he would sell us....

I have found good friends in Canada, but have been able to do no work on account of my frozen feet,—I lost two toes from my right foot. My determination is to go to work as soon as I am able....”

What factor most directly led to Johnson’s decision to escape?

The possibility of being sold and moved further south

“I have resolved that from now on, and forever, all black slaves of both sexes who, from the English and Dutch colonies of America, take refuge in my domains to embrace our Holy Catholic Faith, be free, and that this is my Royal determination to be published... so that when this news reaches everyone, they do not bother or torment any black man or black woman who...fled from the control of their owners, for the fact of having arrived in my domains, they must be set free.... Ensure that this my Royal Decree be published and be obeyed, complied with and executed.”

One way in which people from South Carolina might have been influenced by this decree was that many of them

were familiar with Catholicism

“DEAR SIR,

The course of things in the neighboring islands of the West Indies appears to have given a considerable impulse to the minds of the slaves in different parts of the US. A great disposition to insurgency has manifested itself among them, which, in one instance, in the state of Virginia broke out into actual insurrection.... The legislature of the state, at a subsequent meeting, took the subject into consideration, and have communicated to me...their wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the US to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported; and they have particularly looked to Africa as offering the most desirable receptacle. We might, for this purpose, enter into negotiations with the natives, on some part of the coast, to obtain a settlement, and, by establishing an African company combine with its commercial operations. But there being already such an establishment on that coast by the English Sierra Leone company...it would seem better, by incorporating our emigrants with theirs, to make one strong, rather than two weak colonies....

I pray you to accept assurances of my high consideration and respect.”

Which of the following best describes a response by US political leaders to developments described in the source?

Plans were developed to create a colony for the growing free Black population.

Let our rejoicing rise 

High as the listening skies, 

Let it resound loud as the rolling sea.

Sing a song full of the faith that the dark past has taught us, 

Sing a song full of the hope that the present has brought us. 

Facing the rising sun of our new day begun, 

Let us march on till victory is won....
 

Have not our weary feet 

Come to the place for which our fathers sighed? 

We have come over a way that with tears has been watered, 

We have come, treading our path through the blood of the slaughtered,

Out from the gloomy past, 

Till now we stand at last.

Which of the following claims can best be made about spirituals and hymns such as “Lift Every Voice and Sing”?

They offered uplifting messages of redemption and deliverance.

assembled...and one who was called Jemmy was their captain. They surprised a warehouse belonging to Mr. Hutchenson...they there killed Mr. Robert Bathurst, and Mr. Gibbs, plundered the house, and took a pretty many small arms and powder.... They then...marched southward...through Georgia to Augustine.... They increased every minute by new negroes coming to them, so that they were above sixty, some say a hundred, [when] they halted in a field, and set to dancing, singing and beating drums, to draw more negroes to them...but...the planters...pursued them and when they came up...charged them on foot.... About 30 escaped from the flight.... General Oglethorpe...immediately ordered a troop of rangers...to patrol through Georgia...and published a proclamation ordering all the constables...of Georgia to pursue and seize all negroes.... It is hoped these measures will prevent any negroes from getting down to the Spaniards.”

Source: Unknown author, a description of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina, 1739, in the Colonial Records of the State of Georgia

 

Source 2 

“Mose was located...directly north of St. Augustine.... It was strategically significant. Governor Montiano surely considered the benefits of a northern outpost against anticipated British attacks. And who better to serve as an advanced warning system than grateful ex-slaves carrying Spanish arms? The freedmen understood their expected role, for, in a declaration to the king, they vowed to be ‘the most cruel enemies of the English’ and to risk their lives and spill their ‘last drop of blood in defense of the Great Crown of Spain and the Holy Faith.’ If the new homesteaders were diplomats, they were also pragmatists, and their own interests were clearly served by fighting those who would seek to return them to chattel slavery.”

Which of the following best describes a historical context that connected the Africans discussed in Source 1 with the Spanish discussed in Source 2?

Spanish Florida was predominantly Catholic and many of the participants in the Stono Rebellion were from a largely Catholic region of Africa.

“On the 9th day of September...[twenty] Angola negroes assembled...and one who was called Jemmy was their captain. They surprised a warehouse belonging to Mr. Hutchenson...they there killed Mr. Robert Bathurst, and Mr. Gibbs, plundered the house, and took a pretty many small arms and powder.... They then...marched southward...through Georgia to Augustine.... They increased every minute by new negroes coming to them, so that they were above sixty, some say a hundred, [when] they halted in a field, and set to dancing, singing and beating drums, to draw more negroes to them...but...the planters...pursued them and when they came up...charged them on foot.... About 30 escaped from the flight.... General Oglethorpe...immediately ordered a troop of rangers...to patrol through Georgia...and published a proclamation ordering all the constables...of Georgia to pursue and seize all negroes.... It is hoped these measures will prevent any negroes from getting down to the Spaniards.”

Source: Unknown author, a description of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina, 1739, in the Colonial Records of the State of Georgia

 

Source 2 

“Mose was located...directly north of St. Augustine.... It was strategically significant. Governor Montiano surely considered the benefits of a northern outpost against anticipated British attacks. And who better to serve as an advanced warning system than grateful ex-slaves carrying Spanish arms? The freedmen understood their expected role, for, in a declaration to the king, they vowed to be ‘the most cruel enemies of the English’ and to risk their lives and spill their ‘last drop of blood in defense of the Great Crown of Spain and the Holy Faith.’ If the new homesteaders were diplomats, they were also pragmatists, and their own interests were clearly served by fighting those who would seek to return them to chattel slavery.”

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the developments described in Source 1 and Source 2?

Knowledge of the promise of freedom in Florida encouraged enslaved people in regions to the north to resist slavery.

Source 1

“[When I was a slave] I did not fully understand the deep meanings of those rude, and apparently incoherent songs. They were...loud, long and deep, breathing the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish. Every tone was a testimony against slavery.... To those songs I trace my first understanding of the dehumanizing character of slavery. Those songs still follow me, to deepen my hatred of slavery and [strengthen] my sympathies for my brethren in bonds.”

Source: Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, autobiography, 1855

 

Source 2

Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel,
deliver Daniel, deliver Daniel,
Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel,
An’ why not-a every man?
 

He delivered Daniel from the lion’s den,
Jonah from the belly of the whale,
and the Hebrew children from the fiery furnace,
And why not every man?

Which of the following best explains the significance of the language used in Source 2?

It connected biblical themes with the daily experiences of enslaved African Americans.

Source 1

“[When I was a slave] I did not fully understand the deep meanings of those rude, and apparently incoherent songs. They were...loud, long and deep, breathing the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish. Every tone was a testimony against slavery.... To those songs I trace my first understanding of the dehumanizing character of slavery. Those songs still follow me, to deepen my hatred of slavery and [strengthen] my sympathies for my brethren in bonds.”

Source: Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, autobiography, 1855

 

Source 2

Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel,
deliver Daniel, deliver Daniel,
Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel,
An’ why not-a every man?
 

He delivered Daniel from the lion’s den,
Jonah from the belly of the whale,
and the Hebrew children from the fiery furnace,
And why not every man?

Which of the following claims does Source 1 make about spirituals?

The collective pain expressed in spirituals contributed to African Americans’ mobilization of resistance to enslavement.

“The...Colored citizens and Ministers [of New York City]...have not been inattentive to the course of the Colonization meetings [here].... The sole object of these meetings was to act on the interests of the colored people.... [But] none of that class were invited to take part in them, and they have been carried on without any reference whatever to their wishes or opinions....

The Colonization scheme was set on foot...by Slaveholders, with the view...of perpetuating their system of Slavery, undisturbed. From the first, no very high expectations seem to have been entertained, that an enterprise, so unnecessary, so unnatural,...bearing about it so little of hope, so much of despair, would [re]commend itself strongly to that class of the community to which it purported solely to be addressed. But little reliance appears to have been placed on obtaining their voluntary consent to exchange for...Africa, this, the country of their fathers for generations, and of their own nativity...where, notwithstanding they were called to suffer many ills brought on them by others, they might yet live in hope, that the dark cloud of Slavery which had so long obscured the free principles asserted by our governments, would one day pass away and permit these principles to shine in all their warmth and effulgence, if not on themselves, on a not very distant generation of their descendants....

We ask you...whether you ought longer...to press on us an enterprise that we have unremittingly rejected from the first?”

What evidence do the authors provide to show their opposition to the American Colonization Society?

The American Colonization Society was created by enslavers to force Blacks out of the United States.

Steal Away to Jesus

Steal away, steal away, steal away to Jesus!
     Steal away, steal away home,
     I ain’t got long to stay here....

My Lord, He calls me, He calls me by the thunder,
     The trumpet sounds within-a my soul,
     I ain’t got long to stay here....

Green trees are a-bending, po’ sinner stand a-trembling,
    The trumpet sounds within-a my soul,
    I ain’t got long to stay here,

    Oh, Lord, I ain’t got long to stay here. 

Which of the following best describes a meaning of the lines “Steal away, steal away home, / I ain’t got long to stay here”?

To alert enslaved people of opportunities to escape enslavement

Steal Away to Jesus

Steal away, steal away, steal away to Jesus!
     Steal away, steal away home,
     I ain’t got long to stay here....

My Lord, He calls me, He calls me by the thunder,
     The trumpet sounds within-a my soul,
     I ain’t got long to stay here....

Green trees are a-bending, po’ sinner stand a-trembling,
    The trumpet sounds within-a my soul,
    I ain’t got long to stay here,

    Oh, Lord, I ain’t got long to stay here. 

Which of the following best describes a significance of spirituals such as “Steal Away to Jesus”?

They reflect a combination of music and faith to express the hardships and hopes of enslaved people.