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TLRs
________ have also been observed in fungi and plants, suggesting that they arose in a common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
Toll
________- like receptors (TLRs）are a subset of a larger group of proteins called pattern- recognition receptors, which serve as sentinels that detect the presence of molecules associated with pathogens and relay an alert signal to cell.
TH2
The humoral (immune) response is promoted by ________ cells and involves the production of antibodies and other proteins secreted into the blood and lymph by activated B cells.
LPS
When human TLR4 is activated by ________, a signal cascade leads to the production and secretion of cytokines " (cell- movers) "．.
Molecules
________ that trigger allergic reactions are called allergens.
TH1
The cell- mediated (immune) response is promoted by ________ cells and involves the activation of phagocytic cells and cytotoxic T cells (activated CD8+ cells), among others.
1950s
In the ________, Frank Bernet and colleagues developed the clonal selection theory to explain how only the most useful lymphocytes are activated during an infection.
particular antigen
Each rabbit produced proteins in its blood, called antibodies, that specifically bound to the ________ that was injected.
Immunoglobulins
________ (antibodies, BCRs, and TCRs) do not bind to entire antigens.
white blood cells
The ________ that carry out the major features of the adaptive immune response are called lymphocytes.
bursa dependent
The ________ lymphocytes, or B cells, produce antibodies.
BCR
A(n) ________ consists of two distinct polypeptides.
Cytokines
________ are a class of diverse molecules that signal other immune system cells in various ways, such as increasing white blood cell production, attracting other immune cells to the site of infection, or stimulating other immune cells into action.
immune response
A(n) ________ directed against molecules or cells that normally exist in the host is known as autoimmunity.
foreign molecule
An antigen is any ________ that can elicit an immune system response.
thymus dependent
The ________ lymphocytes, or T cells, are involved in graft rejection along with other immune functions, including recognizing and killing host cells that are infected with a virus.
Autoimmune reactions
________ often result in disease due to the destruction of the bodys own cells and structures by lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response.
allergic reaction
The production of lgE antibodies in a(n) ________ triggers a series of events known as the hypersensitive reaction.
48.1 Innate Immunity
First Response
48.2 Adaptive Immunity
Recognition
48.3 Adaptive Immunity
Activation
48.4 Adaptive Immunity
Response and Memory
Memory cells do not pa icipate in the initial adaptive immune response
the primary immune response
Lysozyme
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the molecules that make up bacterial cell walls
Note 
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