Appendicular Skeleton: Girdles, Limbs, and Bone Structures for Anatomy Students

What is the total number of bones in the adult appendicular skeleton?

126 bones

What are the primary functions of the appendicular skeleton?

Movement and locomotion

What are the two main components of the appendicular skeleton?

Upper limbs (including pectoral girdle) and lower limbs (including pelvic girdle)

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle (2) and scapula (2)

How does the clavicle articulate with the sternum?

The medial (sternal) end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.

What is the shape of the clavicle?

S-shaped

What is the role of the humerus in the upper limb?

It articulates with the scapula proximally and the radius and ulna distally.

Which bone of the forearm is located on the thumb side?

Radius

What forms the elbow joint?

The olecranon and coronoid process of the ulna form the trochlear notch that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus.

What are the names of the two rows of carpal bones?

Proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) and distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate).

How many metacarpals are in one hand?

Five metacarpals.

What is the total number of phalanges in one hand?

14 phalanges (2 in the thumb, 3 in each of the other four fingers).

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Two hip bones (each made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis) that articulate with the sacrum.

What is the function of the acetabulum?

It serves as the socket for the head of the femur in the hip joint.

How do the male and female pelvis differ?

Male pelvis is usually larger and heavier, while female pelvis is wider and shallower to accommodate pregnancy and childbirth.

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

Femur

What is the function of the patella?

It protects the knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps tendon.

What bones make up the lower leg?

Tibia and fibula.

Which bone of the lower leg articulates with the talus bone of the ankle?

Tibia.

How many tarsal bones are in the tarsus?

Seven tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid).

What is the arrangement of the metatarsals in the foot?

Five metatarsals numbered I through V, starting with the big toe.

How many phalanges are in one foot?

14 phalanges (2 in the hallux, 3 in each of the other four toes).

What is a useful tip for determining the right or left side of a bone?

Identify the view of the bone (anterior, posterior, lateral) and check for bony markings and articulation points.

What is the significance of the pubic symphysis?

It is the joint where the two hip bones articulate anteriorly, composed of fibrocartilage.

What is the role of the tibial tuberosity?

It serves as the attachment point for the patellar ligament.

What are the two main adaptations of the lower limbs?

Adapted for bearing weight and locomotion.