Human A&P 1 Final Exam

What are the primary sex organs in males and females?

Testes in males and ovaries in females.

What are the functions of the primary sex organs?

Production of gametes (sex cells) and secretion of sex hormones.

What are accessory reproductive structures?

1. Ducts, glands, and external genitalia that support primary sex organs.

Where is the scrotum located and what does it contain?

It hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the base of the penis and houses the testes.

Why are the testes located outside the body?

To maintain a temperature about 3°C lower than body temperature, optimal for sperm production.

What is the function of the dartos muscle?

it wrinkles the scrotum

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

It elevates the testes.

What are the two tunics surrounding each testicle?

Tunica vaginalis (outer) and tunica albuginea (inner fibrous capsule).

What does the tunica albuginea form inside the testes?

Septa that divide the testes into lobules.

How many lobules are typically in each testicle?

About 250–300 lobules.

What structures are found inside each lobule?

1–4 seminiferous tubules.

What is the function of seminiferous tubules?

They act as sperm factories.

What do myoid cells do?

Contract to move sperm and fluids through the tubules.

What is the tubulus rectus?

straight tubule that carries sperm to the rete testis.

What is the function of the rete testis?

A network that channels sperm toward the efferent ductules.

Where does sperm go after leaving the rete testis?

Through the efferent ductules into the epididymis.

What do Leydig cells produce?

Androgens, primarily testosterone.

What is the role of sustentacular cells?

They provide nutrients to developing sperm and secrete inhibin.

What provides blood to the testes?

Testicular arteries.

What is the spermatic cord?

8. A connective tissue sheath that encloses vessels and nerves of the testes.

What is the glans penis?

The enlarged tip of the penis.

What is the prepuce?

The foreskin covering the glans penis.

What does the corpus spongiosum do?

Surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans.

What are the corpora cavernosa?

Paired erectile bodies in the penis.

Where is sperm stored before ejaculation?

In the epididymis.

What is the function of the duct of the epididymis?

Absorbs nutrients and passes them to sperm.

Where is sperm ejaculated from?

The epididymis.

What is the function of the vas deferens?

It transports sperm from the epididymis to the abdomen.

How is sperm moved through the vas deferens?

By peristaltic motion.

What procedure cuts the vas deferens?

Vasectomy.

What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

It ejects sperm and seminal fluid into the prostatic urethra.

What are the three sections of the urethra?

Prostatic, membranous, and penile.

What do seminal vesicles secrete?

Alkaline, fructose-rich fluid that activates sperm motility.

What is the role of the prostate gland?

Secretes slightly acidic fluid giving semen a milky appearance.

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

Secrete mucus that neutralizes vaginal acidity before ejaculation.

What is semen composed of?

Sperm and seminal fluids.

What is the typical pH of semen?

Between 7.2 and 7.6.

How much semen is released per ejaculation?

About 2.5 to 5 ml.

How many sperm are released per ejaculation?

Around 200 million.

What is seminalplasmin?

An antibiotic in semen that inhibits bacterial growth.

What percent of semen volume is made up by sperm?

About 5%.

What is the mons pubis?

A pad of fat over the pubic symphysis with coarse hair.

What are the labia majora?

Paired folds of skin forming the outer vulva; homologous to the scrotum.

What is the function of the labia minora?

They enclose the clitoris and vestibule.

What is the clitoris homologous to?

The male penis.

What glands are found in the vestibule?

Paraurethral and Bartholin’s glands.

What is the perineum?

The area between the vaginal orifice and the anus.

What are the primary female sex organs?

Ovaries.

What hormones do ovaries secrete?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What structures support the ovaries?

Mesovarian, ovarian, and suspensory ligaments.

What is the corpus luteum?

A follicle after ovulation that secretes progesterone.

What is the corpus albicans?

A degenerated corpus luteum with white fibrous tissue.

What are the three regions of the uterus?

Fundus, body, and cervix.

What is the function of the stratum functionalis?

It is shed during menstruation.

What are the uterine wall layers?

erimetrium, myometrium, endometrium.

What are the functions of the uterus?

Menstruation, pregnancy, and labor.

What ligaments support the uterus?

Broad, uterosacral, cardinal, and round ligaments.

Where does fertilization usually occur?

In the fallopian tubes.

What are fimbriae?

Finger-like projections that sweep the egg into the fallopian tube.

What are the functions of the vagina?

Birth canal, copulation, and menstrual passage.

What are rugae in the vaginal mucosa?

Transverse folds of the vaginal mucosa.

What muscle lies above the mammary glands?

Pectoralis major

What is the function of alveoli in the mammary glands?

They are milk-secreting cells arranged in clusters within lobules.

What do suspensory ligaments (Ligaments of Cooper) do?

Support the breasts.

How many lobes are typically found in each mammary gland, and what separates them?

15–20 lobes, separated by adipose tissue.

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

In the seminiferous tubules.

Which hormone regulates spermatogenesis?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

List the stages of spermatogenesis in order.

Spermatogonium → Primary Spermatocyte → Secondary Spermatocyte → Spermatids → Spermatozoa.

What triggers an erection?

Parasympathetic impulses release nitric oxide (NO), causing vasodilation of arteries and vasoconstriction of veins.

What is the difference between emission and ejaculation?

Emission moves semen into the prostatic urethra; ejaculation is the sympathetic response that expels semen.Where and when does oogenesis occur?

Where and when does oogenesis occur?

In the ovaries, beginning at puberty.

What regulates oogenesis?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

What are the stages of oogenesis?

Primordial follicle → Primary oocyte → Secondary oocyte + First polar body → Ootid + Secondary polar bodies → Mature ovum.

What triggers ovulation?

A surge in Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

What happens if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?

It completes meiosis II, producing an ootid and polar bodies; the ootid becomes the mature ovum.

What does GnRH do in the menstrual cycle?

Stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH.

What are the main functions of FSH?

Stimulates follicle growth and estrogen release.

What are the main functions of LH?

Induces ovulation, forms corpus luteum, and stimulates progesterone production.

What hormone maintains the endometrium during pregnancy?

Progesterone.

What hormone indicates pregnancy and is detected in urine and blood?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).

What occurs during the menstrual phase (days 1–5)?

The functionalis layer of the endometrium is shed.

What happens during the preovulatory (follicular) phase (days 6–13)?

Follicles mature under FSH; estrogen rebuilds the endometrium.

What happens during ovulation (day ~14)?

Estrogen triggers LH surge, causing the follicle to release the secondary oocyte.

What happens during the luteal phase (days 15–28)?

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen, prepping endometrium for implantation.

What happens if fertilization does not occur?

Hormone levels drop, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans, endometrium is shed.

What is prostatitis?

Chronic inflammation of the prostate.

What is the most common cancer in men?

Prostate cancer.

What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menstruation.

What causes Toxic Shock Syndrome?

Bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

What is endometriosis?

Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Infection of female reproductive organs/pelvic tissues.

What are risk factors for breast cancer?

Genetics, estrogen levels, and age (more common after menopause).

What makes cervical cancer difficult to detect early?

It grows slowly and symptoms often appear only after metastasis.

Why is ovarian cancer dangerous?

It often goes undetected until it spreads.

What virus causes AIDS?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Which STD can cause sterility in women due to Fallopian tube damage?

Gonorrhea.

What STD is caused by Treponema pallidum?

Syphilis.

What causes genital warts?

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).