degrees of freedom

elbow (humeroulnar)

* **one degree (uniaxial)**
* flexion, extension, hyperextension
* sagittal plane,; mediolateral axis

wrist (radiocarpal)

* **2 degrees; biaxial**
* frontal and sagittal plane
* mediolateral and AP axis
* flexion, extension
* adduction, abduction (waving)

hand/fingers (metacarpophalangeal - MCP)

* **2 degrees**
* frontal and sagittal
* mediolateral and AP
* flex, extens.,
* abduct, adduction,(aka. ulnar/radial dev.), circumduction

ulnar deviation

adduction

radial deviation

abduction

fingers (interphalangeal)

* 1 degree of freedom
* flexion and extension
* sagittal/mediolateral

trunk (intervertebral)

* 3 degrees of freedom (triaxial)

hip (acetabulofemoral)

* 3 degrees of freedom (triaxial)

tibiofemoral (knee)

* 2 degrees of freedom
* flex/extens. - sagittal plane; mediolateral axis
* and internal/external rotation - transverse plane; longitudial axis

ankle (talocrural)

* 1 degree
* sagittal/mediolateral (plantar and dorsi flexion)

ankle (subtalar)

all 3?

toes (metatarsophalangeal)

* 2 degrees
* flexion, extension (sagittal/mediolateral)
* adduction, abduction (frontal/AP)

toes (interphalangeal)

* 1 - sagittal - flexion, extension

shoulder (glenohumeral)

* all 3 degrees of freedom

neck (cervical)

* all 3?

neck (atlantooccipital)

* 2 degrees?

neck (atlantoaxial joint)

* 2 - sagittal & frontal