degrees of freedom

elbow (humeroulnar)

• one degree (uniaxial)

• flexion, extension, hyperextension

• sagittal plane,; mediolateral axis

wrist (radiocarpal)

• 2 degrees; biaxial

• frontal and sagittal plane

• mediolateral and AP axis

• flexion, extension

• adduction, abduction (waving)

hand/fingers (metacarpophalangeal - MCP)

• 2 degrees

• frontal and sagittal

• mediolateral and AP

• flex, extens.,

• abduct, adduction,(aka. ulnar/radial dev.), circumduction

ulnar deviation

adduction

radial deviation

abduction

fingers (interphalangeal)

• 1 degree of freedom

• flexion and extension

• sagittal/mediolateral

trunk (intervertebral)

* 3 degrees of freedom (triaxial)

hip (acetabulofemoral)

* 3 degrees of freedom (triaxial)

tibiofemoral (knee)

• 2 degrees of freedom

• flex/extens. - sagittal plane; mediolateral axis

• and internal/external rotation - transverse plane; longitudial axis

ankle (talocrural)

• 1 degree

• sagittal/mediolateral (plantar and dorsi flexion)

ankle (subtalar)

all 3?

toes (metatarsophalangeal)

• 2 degrees

• flexion, extension (sagittal/mediolateral)

• adduction, abduction (frontal/AP)

toes (interphalangeal)

* 1 - sagittal - flexion, extension

shoulder (glenohumeral)

* all 3 degrees of freedom

neck (cervical)

* all 3?

neck (atlantooccipital)

* 2 degrees?

neck (atlantoaxial joint)

* 2 - sagittal & frontal