NURS 215 FINAL: pulmonary and renal

what are asthma and COPD considered?

obstructive disorders

what is the pathophysiology of asthma?

airways overreact to triggers. leukotrienes are released by mast calls, eosinophils, and basophils. histamine is released by mast cell degranulation and causes immediate bronchoconstriction and increases vascular permeability. results in bronchial edema that narrows airways. goblet cells produce thick, sticky mucus. early treatment prevents irreversible damage

what are the triggers of asthma?

allergies, occupational exposure, viral infections, dog and cat dander, exercised induced, genetics 17q21 locus

what happens in allergen exposure in asthma?

th2 cells activate. release il4, il5, il13. mast cells degranulate releasing histamine and leukotrienes. eosinophils arrive and damage airways

what is status asthmaticus?

persistent bronchoconstriction despite attempts to reverse

what is the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?

inflammation, mucus, and airway obstruction causes difficulty getting air IN. causes hypoxemia and cyanosis. blue bloater

what is the pathophysiology of emphysema?

alveolar destruction, loss of elastic recoil, air trapping leads to destruction getting air OUT. hypercapnia, hyperinflation, and barrel chest. pink puffer

what are the kidney dysfunction consequenceS?

insufficient filtration, urine, toxin buildup, neurological, excess renin, decreased epo, acid base imbalance, excess potassium not secreted, decreased vitamin d

what is the basic renal pathophysiology?

ischemic injury. high pressure required to maintain function. nephrons can be harmed by toxins. urine outflow must be obtained

what is intrarenal?

damage to the kidney itself

what is prerenal?

decreased blood flow and perfusion to kidney

what is post renal?

obstruction of urine outflow

what does the proximal tubule do?

reabsorbs majority of filtrate

what does the loop of henle do?

begins to concentrate urine

what does the distal tubule do?

absorbs water and sodium

what does the collecting duct do?

additional water is reabsorbed