CHAPTER 6

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39 Terms

1

Amplitude

The height of a sound wave, which determines its loudness. Greater amplitude corresponds to a louder sound.

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2

Amusia

A disorder characterized by an inability to recognize musical tones or reproduce them. Often referred to as 'tone deafness.'

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3

Cochlea

A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that translates sound waves into nerve impulses through hair cells.

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4

Conductive Deafness (Middle-Ear Deafness)

Hearing loss caused by damage to the middle ear, preventing sound waves from being properly conducted to the inner ear.

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5

Frequency

The number of sound wave cycles per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Frequency determines the pitch of the sound.

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6

Frequency Theory

Theory suggesting that the rate of nerve impulses sent to the brain matches the frequency of the tone, which is used to detect pitch.

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7

Hair Cells

Sensory cells located in the cochlea that transform sound vibrations into electrical signals for the auditory nerve.

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8

Nerve Deafness (Inner-Ear Deafness)

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve, impacting the ability to transmit sound to the brain.

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9

Oval Window

A membrane-covered opening in the cochlea that receives vibrations from the middle ear and transmits them to the inner ear fluid.

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10

Pinna

The external part of the ear that collects sound waves and funnels them into the ear canal toward the eardrum.

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11

Pitch

The perception of how high or low a sound is, determined by the frequency of sound waves.

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12

Place Theory

Theory that suggests different areas of the cochlea are activated by different frequencies, which helps us perceive pitch.

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13

Primary Auditory Cortex (Area A1)

The brain region in the temporal lobe responsible for processing auditory information and essential for sound perception.

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14

Timbre

The quality or color of a sound that distinguishes it from others, even if they have the same pitch and loudness.

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15

Tinnitus

A condition characterized by a persistent ringing, buzzing, or hissing sound in the ears, often due to hearing loss or ear injury.

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16

Tympanic Membrane

Also known as the eardrum, it vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits these vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear.

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17

Capsaicin

A compound found in chili peppers that stimulates pain receptors, often used in topical treatments for pain relief due to its desensitizing effect on sensory neurons.

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18

Dermatome

An area of the skin supplied by sensory neurons from a single spinal nerve. Different dermatomes correspond to specific spinal nerves.

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19

Endorphins

Natural pain-relieving chemicals produced by the body that bind to opioid receptors, reducing the perception of pain and promoting a sense of well-being.

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20

Gate Theory

Theory suggesting that non-painful input can close 'gates' to painful input, thus blocking pain perception in the central nervous system.

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21

Neuropathic Pain

Chronic pain caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, often described as burning, tingling, or shooting pain.

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22

Nocebo

A negative placebo effect where expectations of adverse effects contribute to real negative symptoms, often psychological in origin.

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23

Numbsense

A condition in which a person lacks conscious sensory perception in a particular area but can respond to stimuli unconsciously.

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24

Opioid Mechanisms

Biological processes that involve opioid receptors in the brain, reducing pain perception through endogenous and exogenous opioids.

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25

Pacinian Corpuscle

A type of sensory receptor in the skin that detects mechanical pressure and vibration, essential for tactile sensation.

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26

Periaqueductal Gray Area

A region in the midbrain involved in pain suppression; it activates descending pain-modulation pathways and is influenced by opioids.

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27

Placebo

An inert substance or treatment that can produce real, positive effects on health due to the patient's belief in its efficacy.

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28

S1 (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)

The brain area responsible for processing sensory information from the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain, located in the parietal lobe.

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29

Semicircular Canals

Structures in the inner ear that detect rotational movement and help maintain balance through fluid movement and sensory cells.

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30

Somatosensory System

The sensory system responsible for processing information related to touch, temperature, body position, and pain across the body.

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31

Adaptation

The process by which sensory receptors become less responsive to constant stimuli over time, resulting in decreased perception of the stimulus.

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32

Cross-Adaptation

A reduced response to one stimulus after exposure to a different but similar stimulus, commonly seen in taste and smell.

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33

Olfaction

The sense of smell, which involves detecting and processing odor molecules through the olfactory system.

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34

Olfactory Cells

Specialized sensory neurons located in the nasal cavity that detect odor molecules and transmit signals to the brain.

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35

Papillae

Small bumps on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds, which are responsible for detecting different flavors.

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36

Supertasters

Individuals with a high density of taste buds, making them more sensitive to bitter and other strong flavors compared to average tasters.

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37

Synesthesia

A condition in which stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory pathway, such as 'seeing' sounds as colors.

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38

Taste Buds

Clusters of sensory cells on the tongue and in the mouth that detect different flavors and send taste signals to the brain.

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39

anterior cingulate cortex

region of the brain located in the frontal part of the cingulate cortex. It plays a crucial role in various functions, including: Emotion Regulation, Pain Perception, Cognitive Functions, Attention

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