AP Biology Quiz Cellular Organelles' Structure and Functions

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Nucleus

Structure: 

  • Contains the Nuclear Envelope which is made by a double phospholipid bilayer that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

  • Contains Nuclear pores that help regulate what goes in and out of the nucleus

  • Contains Chromatin which is DNA wrapped in histones

  • Contains the Nucleolus a dense part of DNA where rRNA are synthesized to form ribosomes

  • The matrix and lamina provide structural support and help organize genetic material.

Functions: 

  • The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA), which controls heredity and the blueprint for cellular functions.

  •  Regulates gene expression to control protein synthesis.

  • The nuclear pores control transport of RNA and proteins essential for gene expression.

  • Coordinates cell growth, metabolism, and division by regulating DNA replication and transcription of mRNA.

  • The nucleolus synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits necessary for protein production.

<p>Structure:&nbsp;</p><ul><li><p>Contains the Nuclear Envelope which is made by a double phospholipid bilayer that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm</p></li><li><p>Contains Nuclear pores that help regulate what goes in and out of the nucleus</p></li><li><p>Contains Chromatin which is DNA wrapped in histones</p></li><li><p>Contains the Nucleolus a dense part of DNA where rRNA are synthesized to form ribosomes</p></li><li><p>The matrix<strong>&nbsp;</strong>and lamina provide structural support and help organize genetic material.</p></li></ul><p>Functions:&nbsp;</p><ul><li><p>The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA), which controls heredity and the blueprint for cellular functions.</p></li><li><p>&nbsp;Regulates gene expression to control protein synthesis.</p></li><li><p>The nuclear pores control transport of RNA and proteins essential for gene expression.</p></li><li><p>Coordinates cell growth, metabolism, and division by regulating DNA replication and transcription of mRNA.</p></li><li><p>The nucleolus synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits necessary for protein production.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

Structure of Rough E.R.

Structure of Smooth E.R.

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Golgi Apparatus

Structure:

  • Composed of a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae

  • Usually located near the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm

  • Has a "cis" face (receiving side) and a "trans" face (shipping side) for processing and dispatching molecules

Function: 

  • Modifies and packages proteins to the right shape

  • Adds molecular tags (like carbohydrates) to proteins in a process called glycosylation

  • Also involved in production of lysosomes and secretion of molecules via exocytosis

<p>Structure:</p><ul><li><p>Composed of a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae</p></li><li><p>Usually located near the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm</p></li><li><p>Has a "cis" face (receiving side) and a "trans" face (shipping side) for processing and dispatching molecules</p></li></ul><p></p><p>Function:&nbsp;</p><ul><li><p>Modifies and packages proteins to the right shape</p></li><li><p>Adds molecular tags (like carbohydrates) to proteins in a process called glycosylation</p></li><li><p>Also involved in production of lysosomes and secretion of molecules via exocytosis</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Mitochondria

Structure:

  • Consists of a double membrane

  • Smooth outer membrane

  • Inner membrane is folded into cristae that increases surface are for enzymes that synthesize ATP

  • Inner membrane creates 2 compartments (Mitochondrial matrix & intermembrane space

  • Contains ribosomes

Functions:

  • Helps with Cellular Respiration (Process of using oxygen to generate ATP)

  • Involved in cell metabolism, growth, and division

<p>Structure:</p><ul><li><p>Consists of a double membrane</p></li><li><p>Smooth outer membrane</p></li><li><p>Inner membrane is folded into cristae that increases surface are for enzymes that synthesize ATP</p></li><li><p>Inner membrane creates 2 compartments (Mitochondrial matrix &amp; intermembrane space</p></li><li><p>Contains ribosomes</p></li></ul><p></p><p>Functions:</p><ul><li><p>Helps with Cellular Respiration (Process of using oxygen to generate ATP)</p></li><li><p>Involved in cell metabolism, growth, and division</p></li></ul><p></p>
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