Circulrtory and immune system

First line of defence

Traps pathogens before they enter the inner ear

Left side of heart

pumps oxygentaed blood to body

Macrophage

Presents antigens to helper T cell and engluf antibody indentified pathogens

AV valve

Prevent backflow from Ventricle into atria

Right atrium

recieves deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava and pump into the right ventricle

First Line of Defence Tears

Helps flush out pathogens that enter eye. Contains an enzyme that kills bacteria

Leukemia

Cancerous production of white blood cells that do not function properly

Determining blood type

samples of blood are exposed to A, B, RH and watch for clumping. place blood on spot plate with each anti solution observe for clumping which indicated presence of specific antigen

Heart Murmer

A woosh sound caused by a malfunctining valve in the heart

The First line of defence Mucous

Traps pathogens so they can be removed

Blood Plasma

The fluid portion of blood consisting of 90% water and 10% various proteins and ions. Alumbin Protein, Golunulin Protein, Fribingen adn Prothrombin

B Cell

Produce Antigen specific antibodies

Erthyoblastosis Fetails

A mother concives a child with a different blood type so she is given medication so her body does not create antibodies if their blood comes into contact

Killer T Cell

Produce cytotoxic chemicals that puncture pathogen cell membranes

memory B cell

Remains domiant in body remembering antigen structure in case same pathogen is encountered quick production

Nucleated cells

They need to discern pathogens from harmless cells

Blood clotting step 1

Formation of a platelet plug. platelets stick together into a platelet plug

Blood clotting step 2

Activation of Prothrombin into Thrombin

Platelet plug releases a clotting factor Thromboplastin. Prothrombin-> thromboplastin plus Ca= Thrombin

Blood clotting Step 3

Activation of Fribinogen into Fibrin.

Thrombin activates the plasma protein fribingen into fibrin which begins the formation of a mesh net. Fribingen -> Thrombin= Fibrin

Blood clotting Step 4

Formation of a blood clot. Fibrin mesh grows and traps various components of the blood. adds reinforcement and strength.

The Second Line of Defence Step 1

Pathogen invades

The second line of defence Step 2

Proteins are released by body cells

The Second line of defence Step 3

Blood vessels become permeable

Second Line of Defence Step 4

Macrophage enter and engulf pathogens

The Third line of defence Step 1

Pathogens invade

The third line of defence step 2/3

Macrophage engulf the pathogen and push antigens to cell surface presenting them to helper T cell

The Third line of defence step 4

Helper T cells activate B cells to start producing antibodies while also activating killer T cell to target pathogens. The killer T cell secretes cytotoxic chemicals that puncture the pathogens cell membrane

The Third line of defence step 5

B cells begin mass production of antibodies

The third line of defence step 6

Antibodies for antigen- antibody complex with pathogen and pathogen becomes immobilized

The Third line of defence step 7

Macrophage engulf damaged identified pathogens

The Third line of defence step 8

Suppressor T cell deactivates the response to the pathogen

The Third Line of Defence Step 9

memory B cell remain in case that same pathogen is encountered in the future

Left Ventricle

pumps blood to the body through aorta

Allergies

The immune response to harmless antigen. Chemicals are released from your immune system that stimulate allergy symptoms

Arrhythmia

irregular heart contraction. Uncoordinated contraction that results in less O2 being delivered to the body.

Antigen- Antibody complex

When antibodies match antigens, they form an antigen- antibody complex which immobilizes pathogens within immune response, cause blood to clump and you should never have the same antigen as antibody

Myogenic muscle

Muscle that is able to contract without external nerve stimulation. The heart is made up of this and coordinates own contraction

The First line of defence the skin

A protective barrier against pathogen invasion. It secretions contain oil and acids that kill pathogens

Blood cells

Platelets

Fragments of cytoplasm that prevent blood loss by inhibiting the formation of a blood clot. Enucleated pieces of cytoplasm from a megakaryote.

superior and inferior vena cava

receive deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it into the right atrium of the heart

Suppresor T cell

Stop immune response

Helper T cell

Identify foreign antigens from macrophage, activate B cell production of antibodies and activate killer T cell

The role of valves

As blood is under low pressure in the veins, valves ensure pulses of blood do not pool in the legs or arms. Contraction of nearby muscles also aid in the flow of blood through veins

Veins

Vessels that carry blood to the heart. They are thin and elastic walled and lined with smooth muscle. They have valves that prevent back flow and the blood is under pressure

Aneurism

Bulging of blood vessels

Atherosclerosis

Accumulation of cholesterol deposits in the arteries, blocking blood flow which creates high blood pressure. If the accumulation is big enough a blood clot can block the entire muscle

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels which keeps heat in

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels which lets heat out

Arterioles

Smaller blood vessels that branch off of arteries

Autonomic control

A branch of your nervous system that can control the diameter of arteries and arterioles

Arteries

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They contain thick layered elastic walls that are lined with smooth muscle which allow for vasodilation and vasoconstriction

3 major types of vessels

Arteries-> carry blood away from heart

Veins-> carry blood to heart

Capillaries-> gas exchange

Organ transplant rejection

The immune system creates antibodies against the new organ "rejecting it"

Left Semi- lunar valve

prevents back flow from aorta into left ventricle

Agranulocytes

Absence of granules

Cornary pathways

A specialized branch of the systemic circulatory system which delivers oxygenated blood to the tissues of the heart

systemic circulatory system

Carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues and deoxygenated blood back to heart

pulmonary circulatory system

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart

Pulmonary Artery

carries deoxygenated blood away from heart

Pulmonary Vein

carries oxygenated blood to heart

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessel that are the site of gas exchange and are one cell thick in diameter small enough to allow one blood cell at a time

Varicose Vein

enlarged and protruding vein, a malfunctioning valve that allows blood to pool stretching the vein

venules

Smaller blood vessels that gradually form into veins

Heart Contraction step 1

1. Impulse generation which it generated at the SA node and causes the atria to contract

Heart contraction step 2

Impulse gathering at AV node and impulse is then relayed through the bundle of his

Heart Contraction step 3

Impulse Division- impulse splits down the bundle branches of the septum and the nerve impulse is divided among the left and right ventricle

Heart Contraction step 4

Ventricular contraction, the impulse is sent through quick conducting purkinje fibres and the ventricle begins to contract

Right Hand side of heart

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Collecting Duct

Carries urine from nephron through Renal medulla into renal pelvis and is a major site of water reabsorption

Afferent Arteriole

A vessel that brings blood to the glomaruls and its usually concentrated with wastes

Blood transfusions

The recipient can not have antibodies matching the antigens of the donor. The donor had its anitbodies in plasma deactivated so they don't play a factor

What valve of the heart makes the dub sound

Closing of the SL valve

AB+

The universal recipient. Can only receive from anyone who has no antibodies and can only donate to Itself.

Right Ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Sickle Cell anemia

A disorder where RBCS take on an abnormal sickle shape which reduces its ability to carry O2

What causes the heart to make the Lub sound

Closing of the AV valve

Vaccines

Antigens of a common virus or bacterium are injected to initiate the production of that antibody

Blood vessels

The structures that deliver and return blood to the various structures of the body

Red Blood Cells

44% of blood volume and transports O2 throughout the body

Left Atrium

recives blood form the lungs and pumps into the left ventricle (left pulmonary vein)

Autoimmune disease

The immune system attacks its own cells. Multiple Sclerosis which are cells that surround a neuron

Rhesus factor (Rh)

Refers to the presence of the RH+ antigen on red blood cells. Won't produce the RH antibody and will produce the RH- antibody after contact

Hemophilia

A genetic disorder where an individual is unable to properly clot their blood

Aorta

Major artery that pumps blood to the body

lifespan of erthrocytes

120 days

Hematocrit

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. can illustrate if someone is blood doping, has leukaemia, or is sick

QRS waves

The impulse stimulating ventricular contraction , AV valves shut "Lub".

Thrombus

blood clot that interferes with blood flow or valve function of vein. varicose vein

Why does our blood clot?

a mechanism by which our body tires to maintain homeostasis (maintaining a constant internal environment regardless of external changes)

P wave

Impluse stimulating the contraction of the atria. A delay followed where impulse is travelling through AV node and bundle of his ventricles fill up with blood.

Pericardium

A fluid filled membrane that surrounds the heart

Granulocytes

granules in cytoplasm

Leukocytes

1% blood volume responsible for resisting and fighting pathogens

T Wave

ventricular relaxation SL valve shuts "Dub"

atria starts filling with blood

Right SL valve

prevents back flow from left pulmonary artery (and right) and back into the right ventricle.

Fribingen and prothrombin

Aid in blood clotting

Globulin Protein

Aid In immunity

Antibody

A protein present in blood plasma that binds to specific antigens