AP Psychology - Unit 2 Review Flashcards

A collection of flashcards based on key psychology concepts related to perception, memory, and cognitive processes from Unit 2.

Which principle explains talking with a friend in a noisy baseball game?

The cocktail party effect

Hearing words in backwards music after being told what to listen for demonstrates

Perceptual set

Knowing to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit is due to

Context

Failing to notice bulldogs in a video while focusing on another task demonstrates

Inattentional blindness

Perceptual sets are most closely related to

Top-down processing

Mishearing "sweet tea, extra ice" as "sweetie, extra eyes" is due to

Context effects

Failing to notice a pink clock after weeks in a classroom demonstrates

Selective attention

A pink bulldog appearing brighter against a darker background is due to

Relative luminance

Illusion of movement from stationary blinking lights is called

Phi phenomenon

Seeing dancers clearly against the floor demonstrates

Figure-ground relationship

Depth perception based on differences between the two eyes relies on

Retinal disparity

Visual cliff research suggests that humans have

Innate depth perception

Knowing a banana

s color stays the same despite lighting changes is Color constancy

Marching band members standing close together to form letters demonstrate

Proximity

Objects that cast a smaller retinal image are perceived as

Farther away

Eliminating options one by one to solve a problem uses

Convergent thinking

Thinking of baseballs, basketballs, and footballs when hearing “ball” demonstrates

Prototypes

A 3 percent chance of error indicates a result is

Statistically significant

Thinking of many uses for a pencil tests

Divergent thinking

Timing how quickly people categorize discrimination measures

Prototypes

A median represents

The middle value in a data set

Seeking information that supports existing beliefs demonstrates

Confirmation bias

Maintaining beliefs despite contradictory evidence demonstrates

Belief perseverance

Preferring “80 percent lean” over “20 percent fat” meat demonstrates

Framing

Overestimating rare dangers after seeing a news story demonstrates

Availability heuristic

Planning, organizing, and goal-directed behavior are

Executive functions

Judging probability based on similarity demonstrates

Representativeness heuristic

Solving a problem suddenly in a single moment demonstrates

Insight

The planning fallacy is rooted in

Overconfidence

Remembering a teacher

s name is an example of Recall

Actively connecting new information to prior knowledge involves

Working memory

Multiple-choice tests rely most on

Recognition

A neurotransmitter linked to improved memory is

Norepinephrine

It is unethical to study hippocampal damage experimentally in humans because

Researchers cannot ethically cause brain damage

Explicit memory is best demonstrated by

Remembering a recent vacation

Forgetting a 10-digit phone number is due to

Limited working memory capacity

Information most likely encoded automatically includes

What you ate for breakfast

Semantic encoding involves

Relating information to yourself

A graph comparing repeated testing versus restudy measures

The testing effect

Data shown in a graph with numerical values are

Quantitative data

A mean echoic memory of 3.47 seconds refers to

Average duration of auditory memory

Implicit memory formation is associated with the

Cerebellum

A vivid memory of an emotional event is a

Flashbulb memory

A nearly limitless memory system is

Long-term memory

Grouping related concepts based on meaning forms

Semantic networks

A statistically significant finding indicates

Results are unlikely due to chance

Doing better on a test in the same seat as class demonstrates

Context-dependent memory

Remembering the beginning and end of a list demonstrates

Serial position effect

Better recall of early list items is the

Primacy effect

Self-testing to monitor understanding involves

Metacognition

Mixing subjects while studying is called

Interleaving

Remembering only the last names heard demonstrates

Recency effect

Recognition memory is used in

Multiple-choice questions

Remembering the past but not forming new memories demonstrates

Anterograde amnesia

Failure to remember unencoded information demonstrates

Encoding failure

Old information interfering with new information is

Proactive interference

Early childhood recovered memories are unreliable because

The brain is not mature enough before age four

Believing you created a song you actually heard elsewhere demonstrates

Source amnesia

Attributing a memory to the wrong source demonstrates

Source misattribution