BIO LAB FINAL

Dicot Root

Root structure that includes vascular bundles, tracheids, phloem, endodermis, and various cell types.

Vascular Bundle

Composite of xylem and phloem found in the vascular cylinder of plants.

Tracheids

Water-conducting cells in the xylem that move away from the center.

Phloem

Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Endodermis

The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots that regulates the movement of water and nutrients.

Parenchyma Cells

Support cells in plants that assist in storage and metabolic functions.

Epidermis

The outer tissue covering of roots, providing protection.

Apical Meristem

Region at the tip of the root responsible for the primary growth of the plant.

Root Cap

Protective structure at the tip of a root that secretes mucilage to reduce friction.

Axillary Bud

Structure capable of developing into a new shoot or branch, typically found in the leaf axil.

Woody Dicot

Type of dicot that exhibits secondary growth, forming xylem rings.

Non-Woody Dicot

Type of dicot that does not form rings and typically has softer tissues.

Monocot Stem

Stem in which the vascular bundles are scattered and not arranged in a circle.

Mesophyll Cells

Photosynthetic tissue in leaves containing chlorophyll, divided into palisade and spongy layers.

Palisade Mesophyll

Layer of tightly packed chlorophyll-rich cells located at the top of the leaf.

Spongy Mesophyll

Loosely arranged cells in the leaf that facilitate gas exchange.

Stoma

Small openings on the leaf surface surrounded by guard cells that regulate gas exchange.

Cuticle

Waxy layer on the surface of leaves that prevents water loss.

Radial Symmetry

Body plan in which body parts are arranged around a central axis, as seen in starfish.

Echinodermata

Phylum characterized by radial symmetry and a water vascular system.

Water Vascular System

Unique system in echinoderms used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration.

Digestive System of Starfish

Includes mouth, cardiac stomach (eversible), pyloric stomach, and pyloric caeca.

Excretory System in Crayfish

Includes green glands that filter waste and are located near the base of antennae.

Coelomate

Organism with a true body cavity, such as earthworms and clams.

Clitellum

Glandular section in earthworms used for reproduction.

Hermaphroditic

Organism possessing both male and female reproductive organs, as seen in earthworms.

Byssal Threads

Fibers secreted by some bivalves for anchoring to surfaces.

Nephridia

Excretory structures found in earthworms that filter waste from coelomic fluid.