Module 3 Erythocytes trapped in fibrin mesh (clot)

Clot Retractionand Fibrinolysis:

Fibrinolysis

pcocess of clots removed after repair is completed

Clot Retractionand Fibrinolysis:

Fibrinolysis: when does it begin?

what is plasminogen?

within 2 days and continues for several days unti lclot is dissovled

plasminogen: plasma protein trapped in clot, converted to plasmin

Disorders of Hemostasis: Thromboemboli

what is thrombus?

clot that developes and persists in unbroken blood vessel.

Disorders of Hemostasis: Thromboemboli

what is Embolus?

thrombus freely floating in bloodstream.

Disorders of Hemostasis: Thromboemboli

what is Embolism?

emolus obstructing a vessel

Disorders of Hemostasis: Thromboemboli

what are the 4 risk factors

• atherosclerosis

• inflammation

• slow flowing blood

• immobility

thromboelic conditions (continued)

anitcoagulants drugs for it?

• aspirin

• heparin

• wafarin

bleeding disorders:

Thrombocytopenia

deficient number of circulating platelets

bleeding disorders:Thrombocytopenia

what is Petechia?

treatment?

appears as a resutls of spontanoeous widespread hemmorhage

treatment: platelet transfusion

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Bleeding disorders:

Impaired liver function

• In severe liver disease, production of procoagulants (clotting factors) is decreased, resulting in diminished clotting capacity

• Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, or cirrhosis

• liver disease prevents liver producing bile, which is needed to absorb fat and vitamin K

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Bleeding disorders:

Hemophillia

hereditary bleeding disorders affecting the intrinsic pathway

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Bleeding disorders:

hemophilia 3 different types

1. Hemophilia A

2. Hemophilia B

3. Hemophilia C

Symptoms: prolonged bleeding

Treament? injections of genetically engineered factors

Hemophilia A: X - linked inheritance, occurs mostly in males

Hemophilia B: X - linked inheritance, male dominant

Hemophilia C: Milder, occurs in both males and females

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

has both widespread clotting and severe bleeding

• widespread clotting occurs in intact blood bessels, blocking blood flow

Blood transfusion and Bloody typing:

Blood Transfusions:

Cardiovascular system minimizes effects of blood loss by?

1. reducing volume of affected blood vessels

2. stepping up production of RBC’s

Blood Transfusions:

loss of 15-30% causes what?

Pallor and weakness

Blood Transfusions:

loss of more than 30% results in?

fatal severe shock

Restoring blood volume:

Restoring low volume can be replaced with

normal saline or multiple electrolyte solution (ringer’s solution)

†Replacement of volume restores adequate circulation but does not replace oxygen-carrying capacities of RBCs

Transfusing Red blood Cells:

what is used when blood loss is rapid and subtantial?

whole blood transfusions

Transfusing Red blood Cells:

infusision of ___ prefer to restore oxygen carrying capacity

packed red blood cells (PRBCs)

Transfusing Red blood Cells:

human blood groups:

antigen?

RBC antigens?

antigen: any as foreign can generate an immune response

RBC antigens: reffered to as agglutionogens, they promote agglutination

Blood typing:

antigens of what causes the most vigorous transfucsion reactions?

ABO and Rh blood groups

Transfusing Red blood cells:

ABO blood groups

Based on presence or absence of A and B agglutinogens on RBC surface

÷Type A blood has only A agglutinogen

÷Type B blood has only B agglutinogen

÷Type AB blood has both A and B agglutinogens

÷Type O blood has neither A nor B agglutinogens

• ÷Anti-A or anti-B form in blood at about

2 months of age

RH blood groups:

• how many named RH agglutinogens (Rh factors)

• what 3 letters are most common?

• 52

• C, D, and E

Anti - Rh anitbodies are ?

not spontaneously formed in Rh negative individuals

÷Anti-Rh antibodies form if

Rh negative individual receives Rh⁺ blood,

Rh negative mom is carrying Rh⁺ fetus

Hemolytic disease of newborn (aka erythroblastosis fetalis)

†Only occurs in Rh negative mom with Rh⁺ fetus in?

First pregnancy:

÷Rh^– mom exposed to Rh⁺ blood of fetus during delivery;

÷first baby born healthy

÷…but mother synthesizes anti-Rh antibodies

Second pregnancy:

÷Mom’s anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh⁺ baby

÷Baby treated with prebirth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth

what prevents Rh negative mother from becoming sensitized

RhoGAM serum

what happens in a wrong transfusion reactions

• if mismatched blood is infused

• donor’s ccells are attacked by recipietns plasma agglutinins

what is the result of wrong transfusion reactions

÷Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity

÷Decreased blood flow beyond blocked vessel

÷Hemoglobin in kidney tubules can lead to renal failure

transfusion reactions

symptoms?

treament?

symptoms: fevers, chills, low blood pressure, rapid hearbeat, nausea, vomitting

treatment: preventing kidney damage with fluids and diuretics to wash out hemogloblin

what is the universal donor?

type O - no A or B antigens. O negative blood

what is the universal recipient?

type AB no anti A or anti B anitbodies

what is Autologous transfusions

you predonate your own blood that is stored and available when needed

what is cross matching:

• mixing receipents serum with donor RBC’s to see if they are compatible

• vice versa mix recipients RBCs with donor serum

clump of RBCs will occur if?

agglutinogen is present

diagnostic blood test:

what is differential WBC count?

looks at proportions of each WBC

diagnostic blood test:

Prothrombin time and platelet counts

it assess hemostasis

diagnostic blood test:

CMP (comprehensive medical panel)

blood chemistry profile checks various blood chemical levels

Complete blood count (CBC)

checks formed elemts, hematocrit, hemoglobin

read slide 115