Psychology CT2

addiction

A chronic condition characterized by the compulsive seeking and use of a substance or behavior, despite harmful consequences

dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with motivation, mood, feelings of pleasure, sleep, attention and motor function

localization

Refers to how different areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions or behaviors

classical conditioning

The process through which individuals from one culture come into contact with and adopt the behaviors, norms and values of another culture

operant conditioning

A form of learning based on consequences, such as rewarding good behavior

behaviorism

An approach that proposes that all behavior is acquired through conditioning and interactions with the environment. Related concept: perspective

positive punishment

When an unfavorable stimulus is presented after a behavior and hence decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

negative punishment

When a favorable stimulus is taken away, decreasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated

negative reinforcement

Occurs when an unfavorable stimulus is taken away, increasing the likelihood of a particular behavior being repeated

positive reinforcement

When a favorable stimulus is presented after a behavior, increasing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

social identity theory

This theory proposes that individuals tend to favor their ingroups because this helps inform their identity

social learning theory

This theory proposes that learning is primarily based on modelling and imitation. Behavior is believed to develop and is affected by external events, including rewards and punishment