Studied by 12 peoplesemantic memory
allows for cognitive processes and contains general knowledge
episodic memory
consists of an individual’s past experiences
Hermann Ebbinghaus
researched memory and retention
recall
when information that has been learned in the past can be brought back to the conscious mind without prompting
recognition
when information that has been learned from the past can be identified when prompted
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for the second time
iconic sensory memory
immediate memory derived from visual stimuli
echoic sensory memory
immediate memory derived from auditory stimuli
short-term memory
storing a few pieces of information for up to 30 seconds
maintenance rehearsal
continuously going over information; active part of the encoding process
long-term memory
limitless memory that needs to be retrieved after being stored for a short amount of time
explicit memory
intentionally stored memory of facts
implicit memory
unintentionally and unconsciously stored memory of past experiences
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
task switching
when an individual is most efficient at completing a single task and is more likely to make errors and take longer when trying to complete multiple tasks
parallel processing
when multiple separate operations are occurring at the same time but can function independently; normal method of processing information and allows for multiple stimuli to be processed at once
shallow processing
processing basic information without much attention to detail
deep processing
processing information with strong intent and attention
information processing model
suggests that our brain receives, interprets, and uses information in stages corresponding to different steps in the information processing system
absorption, encoding, retention, retrieval
steps of the information processing system
encoding
when stimuli are converted into mental representations that are then processed and stored
tactile encoding
processing information derived from touch stimuli
organizational encoding
processing information in terms of sequences or categories
elaborative encoding
processing information by connecting it to information that was learned in the past
semantic encoding
processing information by focusing on its deeper meaning
spacing effect
spacing out studying to get a better understanding of information
testing effect
repeatedly taking tests to improve the memory of information
chunking
organizing information into meaningful groups
mnemonic devices
images that are linked to the information being learned
flashbulb memory
memory from moments in an individual’s life that were emotionally significant to them
retrieval
the process of accessing old memories
priming
how context affects information
context-dependent memory
suggests that information is better remembered when it’s recalled in the same place where it was initially learned
state-dependent memory
suggests that information is better remembered when it’s recalled in the same biological/physiological state with which it was initially learned
mood-congruent memory
suggests that information is better remembered when it’s recalled in the same mood with which it was initially learned
serial position effect
suggests that memory is affected by the order of which they were presented
retrieval failure
when individual cannot recall known information
proactive interference (forward acting)
the inability of learning new material due to material learned in the past
retroactive interference (backward acting)
the inability of recalling old material due to similarities with new material that is being learned
anterograde amnesia
when an individual is unable to learn new information; results from damage to the hippocampus
retrograde amnesia
when an individual is unable to recall old information; results from concussions
source amnesia
when an individual is able to recall old information but cannot remember its context
reconsolidation
when a memory is recalled and can be changed, strengthened, or modified before being consolidated again
misinformation effect
when misinformation affects memory
long-term potentiation
when a synaptic transmission is enhanced by repeated stimulations of the same connections, therefore strengthening over time and leading to memory formation
anchoring
when an individual relies heavily on the first piece of information given when making a decision
formal reasoning
following a system or sequence in order to come to the correct solution
metacognition
when an individual is aware of their own cognitive processes
syllogism
using logic and deductive reasoning to solve a problem
diagnosis
solving a problem by eliminating the incorrect answer first
cognitive bias
when the brain errors while trying to simplify information
anchoring bias
the tendency to think that an answer is closer to the starting value
representative heuristic
when an individual is judged based on how representative they are of a stereotype
availability heuristic
when the occurrence of something is judged based on how much information is available
framing
when the context of information influences how it’s perceived
fixedness
the tendency to view something through only a single perspective
triarchic theory
consists of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
Charles Spearman
believed that there is only a single form of intelligence that can only be measured through tests
Robert Sternberg
proposed the triarchic theory
William Stern
proposed the IQ test
Flynn Effect
the proposition that the world’s IQ will gradually increase
David Wechsler
created an adult intelligence scale
crystallized intelligence
the total amount of knowledge of general information that an individual has
fluid intelligence
the ability for the mind to process unfamiliar information and acquire general knowledge
Savant Syndrome
when an individual demonstrates exceptional cognitive abilities in a specific area while struggling with other mental abilities
stereotype threat
when people perform poorly due to the circumstances that they’re in
psychometrics
branch of psychology that measures and quantifies mental attributes
split-half reliability
high correlation between halves of a test
equivalent-form reliability
high correlation between different forms of the test
test-retest reliability
high correlation between different administrations of the test
phoneme
a sound that is used in speech and cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful sounds
morpheme
a unit of meaning that cannot be broken down into smaller units
Noam Chomsky
believed that individuals are born with the knowledge of language and that there’s a universal language
Edward Sapir
believed that an individual’s language shapes their thoughts
Note
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