Chapter 3 AICE Environmental Management

Population Distribution

The way in which the population is spread out across a given area.

Population Dynamics

The study of how and why populations change in size and how they can be managed.

migration

the movement of people's from one place in the world to another

leaching

when water soaks into soils, removing the minerals and nutrients and reducing their ability to support plant life

birth rate

the number of lives per thousand people in a population, per year. Also known as

Death Rate

the number of deaths per thousand people in a population, per year.

Dependency Ratio

the measure of the dependent (non-working) portion of the population (age groups 0-14 and 65+) compared to the total independent (working) portion of the population (ages 15-64). The ratio is expressed as the total number of dependents ( young and old) per hundred people in the workforce.

total dependency ratio

measure of both young (age 0-14 years) and older dependents( age 65+) added together to show their total versus the independent population(age 15-65 years) . The ratio is expressed as the total number of dependents ( young and old) per hundred people in the workforce.

ageing population

a population with a high percentage of old people ( aged 65 years or older)

pronatalist policy

a population strategy designed to encourage people from having children and to increase birth rates

antinatalist policy

a population strategy designed to discourage people from having children and to reduce birth rates

carrying capacity

a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment.

Demographic transition model

refers to the transition from, high birth and death rates to low b birth and death rates a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

Population pyramid

is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population ( typically that a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

Total Fertility Rate ( TFR )

the average number of children a woman would have assuming that current age-specific birth rates remain constant throughout her childbearing years

primary industry

industry such as mining, agriculture, fishing or forestry that involves harvesting raw materials

secondary industry

industry that converts raw materials such as farming or mining products into products for sale. The manufacturing industry

out-migration ( emigration)

to leave one community or area in order to settle down and live

in-migration ( immigration)

to move into an area or region in order to settle down and live

push factors

these are factors that cause people to leave an area. They include war, drought, floods, lack of housing, food, education lack of jobs or a poor standard of living.

child mortality rate

the number of children, per 1000 live births, that die under the age of 5 in a population in a year

natural increase

the difference between the birth rates and death rates in a population; natural increase differs from overall increase

net migration

the difference between the number of people entering a country and the number of people leaving a country. Net migration is negative when more people leave a country than enter it

overall increase

the difference between the brith rates and death rates, and the change in numbers due to migration in a population

infant mortality rate

the number of infant deaths for every 1000 live births, of children under the age of 1

life expectancy

the average age that a new-born child is expected to live to

natural population change

the change in the size of a population due to birth and death rates.

immigration

people migrating into a country

emigration

people migrating out of a country

overall population change

the change In the size of a population due to birth rates, death rates, and net migration rates

population structure

the number of males and females within different age groups in a given population

youth dependency ratio

the youth dependency ratio is a measure of the young dependents ( age 0-14 ) in a population, in a relation to the working age population ( 15-64 years old )

antinatalist

a policy that discourages human reproduction

pronatalist

a policy that promotes human reproduction

old age dependency ratio

the old-age dependency ratio is the number of older dependents ( ages 65+ ) in a population, in relation to the working-age population ( 15-64 years old ). The ratio is expressed as the total number of older dependents per hundred people in the workforce.