hist 1302 exam one multiple choice potential terms

Sutter’s Mill

Calif. saw mill (cuts wood planks) where workers first found gold in 1848

Promontory Point, Utah

point where First Continental Railroad (1863-1869) joined after being consrtructed from both ends and meeting int the middle

Black Kettle

Cheyenne Indian leader who led peaceful group that wanted to be left alone and moved; negotiated fro cheyenne to move to reserve in CO w/US protection if they dont fight back

Sand Creek Massacre (29 Nov. 1864)

Black Kettle’s peaceful people were attacked by Colonel Chivington- couldn’t fight US guns

• 150/200 Cheyenne killed and body’s mutilated as response to counting coup

• BK escaped

made peaceful Cheyenne people angry instead of passive, BK forms new reservation in W Oklahoma

Battle of Washita (27 Nov. 1868)

Custer was ordered to bring Cheyenne to their reservation b/c Cheyenne people were late; didn’t scout or communicate just attacked and killed 100 more Cheyenne Indians ( including BK, mostly orphans, old, injured, and widowed)

Battle of Little Big Horn (25 June 1876)

culmination of Great Sioux War; Custer didn’t scout to fight Sioux and other tribes so fight took place at main Sioux military compound

• left behind a high-speed gun

• every troupe w/ Custer died

not so much a massacre as Custer being stupid; Indians still lost war despite this win

Indian Appropriation Act (1889)

made unclaimed OK land open to white settlement instead of being Indian territory

• led to boomers (waited for legal settlement) and sooners (settled illegally)

Commodore Matthew Perry

sent by POTUS Pierce to try + open Japan

• anchored at capitol, Japan refused negotiations, US test-fired canons (threatened Japan), Japan refused to meet, Petty promises to return in one year

• Petty returned, reaches agreement with Japan where US is allowed in Japan for limited trade

US ends 200 yrs of Japan’s isolation, Japan is first industrialized Asian country

Sanford B. Dole

famous ‘Planter’; origins of Dole fruit family

King Kalakaua and the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875

King Kal. influenced to sign by Planters, Hawaii agreed:

• not to trade w/ other countries except US

• not to allow naval bases from other countries except US

1887 Hawaiian Constitution “Bayonet Constitution”

planters forced King Kalakaua to sign under threat of violence; written by and to benefit of Planters→ very restrictive

• allowed non-citizen residents to vote (ie Planters)

• voting restricted to males, not of asian origin, who met wealth, property, literary requirements → 19% of OG Hawaiians

Teller Amendment (1898)

addition to a war declaration bill; US promised to leave Cuba independent

• basically planned for more “colonialism without colonies”

Platt Amendment (1901)

gives US right to interfere in Cuban Affairs if American interests were threatened (especially economic)

• US forced Cuba to add this to Cuban Const.

Socialism

varies like track+field; one basic idea w/varying forms or applications

Karl Marx def.: worker’s control and benefit from major means of production through class warfare

Eugene V Debs

labor reformer who started the Socialist Party of America after failure of American Railroad Union, ran for president 5 times

The Grange (1867)

a farmer political organization; local/state led org. pushing politicians to pass laws

• minor succes in midwest w/ Granger Laws (restricted railroad abuse)

• sued by railroad companies- SCOTUS sided w/ railroad

lots of political pressure w/ little accomplished; more important a catalyst

Farmer’s Alliances (1880s)

farmer political organization; farmers working together instead of competing similar to local labor union

• 1.3m members by 1890 (nation wide)

• reacted to/treated symptoms not cause

declined to take focus on politics; good short term not long term

Populism

ideal of common people fighting back against privileged elite

• not politically left/right/center but fit whoever used it

• powerful, malleable idea

Populist Party

ran James Weaver in 1892 w/ the Omaha platform

• all ideals were eventually adopted but not for decades

Williams Jennings Bryan

• 1896 Democratic and Populist Candidate (w/different VPs)

• gave celebrated “cross of gold” speech saying Gold Standard was martyring farmers

• 1908 Democratic Candidate

William Jennings Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speech (1896)

used crucifixion as analogy to say Gold Standard was making martyrs of farmers

• followed by silence, then extreme celebration

muckrakers

journalists/writers who published stories to expose poverty/abuse/worker issues

• Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” scared public abt poor health/quality in food and meat-packing industry

aristocrats vs. plutocrats

formed upperclass leadership in progressivism

1. aristocrats: old money from before gilded age

2. plutocrats: new money from gilded age, robber barrons

aristocrats pushed for change b/c saw inhumanity from plutocrats to workers could lead to violence; restrain plutocrats while preserving old money wealth

“Strenuous Life”

roosevelt’s philosophy of deciding to try and be active instead of always sitting

• hard work, toil, effort

• always be improving yourself or world around you

Northern Securities Company Case (1902-1904)

largest railroad trust w/ monopoly over most of North, owned by JP Morgan

lawsuit by roosevelt, Morgan tried to strike a deal, turned down and roosevelt broke up company in 1904

• showed change to gov. siding w/ people over businesses in law enforcement

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

strike for higher pay, better hours, and recognition of union that threatened heat supply in winter

roosevelt sent army to protect workers, facilitated negotiations

strike ends, got high pay and better hours; no union recognition

New Nationalism

1912 campaign of Theodore Roosevelt; social justice and egalitarianism

• outlaw child labor, ensure worker’s comp, womens’ suffrage

Louis Brandeis

appointed to SCOTUS by Wilson, supported workers over corporations

• 1st jewish member of SCOTUS

showed Wilson switching from New Freedom→ TR’s new nationalism

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916)

If a product was made by someone under 14, it was outlawed to be sold across state lines/internationally

• shot down by SCOTUS a few years later

Strict Accountability

legalism in action; threatened against Germans for unrestricted submarine warfare by Woodrow Wilson

• if Germany acted out again, US would declare war

Zimmerman Telegram

a coded telegram from Zimmerman (German Minister) to a German minister in Mexico saying if US gets involved they would help Mexico attack US- getting TX, NM, and AZ back in win

• Mexico declined offer

intercepted and deciphered by British; US is furious, on path to declaring war but still not Wilson

“Great Crusade”

speech by Wilson saying “The world must be made safe for democracy”

• marked switch to moralism; wilson saw war as abt spreading democracy to every country

lays out “war to end all wars” premise

called “great crusade” as reference to christian crusades; wilson’s “holy calling” to spread democracy like faith

Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” Speech

public transfer from moralism to idealism, regarding what should be done after war

• 8pts for territorial change

  • pushed self-determination of a people

• 5pts pro peace

• 1pt calling for League of Nations (international organization of all countries to negotiate peace/wars)

Susan B. Anthony

leader of suffrage mvmvnt; unjustly tried after voting and then tried again for contempt in court, refused to pay fine so she could apeal case to SCOTUS but stopped by judge who saw plana nd waved fine

Alice Paul

leader of suffrage movemnt; introduced to militant suffrage at college in UK, thought NAWSA wasn’t pushing enough so founded National Women’s Party (1916)

• led daily/permanent protest outside white house during WWI

• arrested for blocking sidewalk→ hunger strike in jail→ force fed raw eggs, treated poorly→ public change of opinion in favor of suffragettes

19th Amendment (1920)

gave women right to vote in national elections; suffrage was a success

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874)

first major organization for prohibition; women at front of prohibition b/c they usually suffered results of alcohol abuse

• took on anti-immigrant sentiment b/c alc. was culturally acceptable elsewhere

• only success was temperance fountains which provided clean water so people wouldn’t have to drink- failed and torn down b/c ugly

18th Amendment

outlawed the manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors

• “intox. liquors” is vaque b/c amendments are only outlines to be detailed by laws

Volstead Act (1919)

set out rules/details for 18th amendment; defined intoxicating liquors as anything greater than %.5 alcohol

• banned wine, beer, liquor (most prohibitionists only against liquor)

goal: ban alcohol and reduce property

results: alcohol consumption down, but crime rates up

• the gov. tainted industrial alcohol so it couldn’t be used to make moonshine w/out making people sick→ US gov. indirectly killed 300k people

prohibiton

banning of alcohol w/goal to reduce crime

• set in place by 18th amendment

• removed by 22 amendment; total failure

Eugenics

selective breeding of people, most popular in 1920s; malleable idea based on what a desirable person is that is usually twisted to harm a target group

• extreme end of progressivism (cleaning ups species for strength of whole)

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

nativism act that banned all chinese immigrant for 10 years and prevented chinese immigrant residents from becoming citizens

• renewed in 1892, made permanent in 1902

• went away w/ Franklin Roosevelt in 1943

not totally enforced b/c that’s almost impossible