Chapter 1 mastering chemistry

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Property

Any characteristic of matter thst allows us to recognize and distinguish different types of matter

Atoms

Building blocks of life

Molecule

Two or more atoms joined together in specific arrangements

3 states of matter

Gas(vapor), liquid, solid

Gas

No fixed volume or shape; conforms to the volume and shape of its container; can b3 compressed or allowed to expand

Liquid

Distinct volume but no specific shape; assumes the shape of the portion of the container thst it occupies; not readily compressible

Solid

Definite shape and definite volume; not readily compressible

Pure substance

Matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample

Element

Substance that can not be decomposed into simpler substances

Compound

Substances composed of two or more elements; they contain two or more kinds of atoms

CH4

Methane

CO2

Carbon dioxide

C8H10N4O2

Caffeine

C6H8O6

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

C7H8N4O2

Theobromine

C9H8O4

Acetylsalicylic acid (asprin)

Al2O3

Aluminum Oxide

Law of constant composition

The elemental composition of a compound is always the same

Mixture

Combination of 2 or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity

Heterogenous mixture

Not uniform throughout

Homogeneous mixture

Uniform throughout

Physical property

Property that is observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance

Chemical property

Describes the way a substance changes, or reacts, to form another substance

Intensive property

Does NOT depend on the amount of the sample

Extensive property

Depends on the amount of the sample

Physical change

Substance changes its physical properties but not it's chemical properties

Chemical reaction

Substance is transformed into another substance

Metric system

Used for scientific measurments

Mass

Kilogram

Length

Meter

Time

Second

Temperature

Kelvin

Amount of substance

Mole

P

Peta 10^15

T

Tera 10^12

G

Giga 10^9

M

Mega 10^6

k

Kilo 10^3

d

Deci 10^-1

c

Centi 10^-2

m

Milli 10^-3

Funny m

Micro 10^-6

n

Nano 10^-9

p

Pico ^10-12

f

Femto 10^-15

a

Atto 10^-18

z

Zepto 10^-21

Mass

Measure of the amount of material in an object

Kelvin Scale (K)

Defines absolute zero as the lowest attainable temperature

Celsius scale (°C)

Defines 0 and 100 as freezing and boiling points of water

0 K

-273.15 °C

°C

5/9 (°F - 32)

°F

9/5 (°C + 32)

Derived unit

Combination of 2 or more SI base units

Speed

meters/seconds

Volume

m^3

Density

grams/cm^3 or g/mL

Density

= mass / volume

(The amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance)

Exact numbers

Those whose numbers are known exactly

Inexact numbers

Those whose values have some uncertainty

Numbers obtained by measurments are always inexact

Accuracy

Measure of how close to the measured quantity is to the true value

Precision

The degree of reproducibility of a measured quantity.

Significant figures

1: non zero numbers are always significant

2: zeros between significant figures are always significant

3: zeros before the first nonzero are never significant

4: zeros at the end of a number that contains a decimal are always significant

5: zeros at the end of a number that does not contain a decimal are normally not significant

Addition/subtraction of sigfigs

The answer can not have more decimal places than the measurment with the fewest number of decimal places

Multiplication/division of sigfigs

The answer cannot have more sigfigs than the measurment with the fewest numbers of sigfigs