oth3416: the ultimate exam 1 quiz bank

B. Osmolality

A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:

A. Osmotic Pressure
B. Osmolality
C. Osmolarity
D. Oncotic pressure

C. M

Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called?

A. G1
B. S
C. M
D. G2

C. Klinefelter

What genetic disorder is the result of an individual possessing an XXY chromosome configuration?

A. Turner
B. Fragile X
C. Klinefelter
D. Down

A. Tetraploidy

A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition?

A. Tetraploidy
B. Aneuploidy
C. Biploidy
D. Triploidy

A., B., D., E.

Screening tools that are epigenetically based have shown promise in diagnosing which types of cancer? (Select all that apply)

A. Colon

B. Breast

C. Skin

D. Bladder

E. Prostate

A. Ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell

Which embryonic stem cell characteristic is referred to as totipotent?

A. Ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell.
B. Ability to repair its own DNA.
C. Ability to determine which parental chromosome copy it will imprint.
D. Ability to minimize the impact of poor in uteronutrition.

A. Gas gangrene

A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death?

A. Gas gangrene

-caused by tissue infection with Clostridium spp., most commonly Clostridium perfringens - widely present in soil and proliferate under conditions of low oxygen tension - deep puncture wounds from soil-contaminated objects = common sources of infection

B. Fat necrosis

-cellular dissolution caused by lipases, enzymes found in breast and abdominal tissue (especially pancreas)

-opaque and chalky white

C. Gangenous necrosis

-tissue death without a specific pattern of cell death resulting from severe hypoxic injury

D. Wet gangrene

-develops secondary to necrotizing bacterial infections

-causes the affected tissues to become cold, swollen, and black, and a foul odor is present

B. Frailty

An 86-year-old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging, making her vulnerable to falls, functional decline, disease, and death. The nurse knows this patient is experiencing:

A. Sarcopenia
B. Frailty
C. Cellular aging
D. Somatic death

A., B., C., D.

• inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone - leads to fluid retention and sodium dilution due to excess H2O

• causes weakness, confusion, nausea

A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)

A. Weakness
B. Confusion
C. Muscle twitching
D. Nausea
E. Weight loss

D. sodium

When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers the principle of water balance is closely related to _____ balance

A. Potassium
B. Chloride
C. Bicarbonate
D. Sodium

A. Hydrostatic pressure

A medical student is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the medical student describing?

A. Hydrostatic pressure
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Diffusion

B. Integral membrane proteins

Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell's bilayer by dissolving the layer itself?

A. Peripheral membrane proteins
B. Integral membrane proteins
C. Glycoproteins
D. Cell adhesion molecules

A. Pregnancy in women over age 35

A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the physician's best response?

A. Pregnancy in women over age 35
B. Family history of Down syndrome
C. Fetal exposure to mutagens in the uterus
D. Increased paternal age

C. Expressivity

An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide?

A. Dominance
B. Penetrance
C. Expressivity
D. Recessiveness

A. Cancer

What comorbid condition does an individual diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome have an increased risk of developing?

A. Cancer
B. Food allergies
C. Diabetes
D. Depression

B. Protein

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies, and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction. Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patients body?

A. Glycogen
B. Protein
C. Pigment
D. Melanin

A. Subdural hematoma

A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?

A. Subdural hematoma
B. Abrasion
C. Epidural hematoma
D. Contusion

C. lungs

• volatile acids = substances that can be eliminated as CO2 gas

• nonvolatile acids = only eliminated by the kidney

A nurse recalls that regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the:

A. buffer systems.
B. skin.
C. lungs.
D. liver.

B. Decreased blood K+ levels

• with tumor secreting more hormone, shakes out too much K+ so blood levels of K+ decrease

A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results?

A.Decreased blood volume
B. Decreased blood K+ levels
C. Increased urine Na+ levels
D. Increased white blood cells

A. Diffusion

A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching?

A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Hydrostatic pressure
D. Active transport

D. XXY

A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following?

A. XY
B. XX
C. XYY
D. XXY

C. A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases

An OT recalls the basic components of DNA are:

A. Adenine, guanine, and purine
B. Pentose sugars and four phosphate bases
C. A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases
D. Codons , oxygen, and cytosine

C. In utero

During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities?

A. Puberty
B. Infancy
C. In utero
D. Middle age

C. Manual strangulation

A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault. She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. Which of the following most likely caused her injuries?

A. Chemical asphyxiation
B. Ligature strangulation
C. Manual strangulation
D. Choking asphyxiation

C. Contact range entrance

A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head. The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments. This wound would be documented as a(n):

A. Indeterminate range entrance
B. Exit
C. Contact range entrance
D. Intermediate range entrance

B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

• like a water hose - high pressure causes water to leak out, which causes edema and swelling

A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

A. Increased capillary oncotic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure
D. Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure

C. Localized edema

A 10-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as:

A. Pitting edema

-indentation left in the skin

B. Generalized edema

-more uniform distribution of fluid within interstitial spaces in the body

C. Localized edema

-limited to a single body region, often where trauma has occurred or within an organ

D. Lymphedema

-accumulation of fluid in tissues resulting from damage to the lymphatic system from lymphoid cancer, metastatic disease, surgery, or radiation treatment

D. Decreased fibronectin

A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer?

A. Increased collagen
B. Increased glycoproteins
C. Decreased elastin
D. Decreased fibronectin

C. Ligands

Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors?

A. Amphipathic lipids
B. Oxygen
C. Ligands
D. Ribosomes

D. Nondisjunction

What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis?

A. Neurofibromatosis
B. Conjoined twins
C. Polyploidy
D. Nondisjunction

D. Cri du chat syndrome

A patient demonstrates severe cognitive disability caused by a deletion of part of chromosome 5. What genetic disorder will the nurse see documented in the chart?

A. Trisomy X
B. Prader-Willi Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Cri du chat syndrome

A. Pancreatic

5-Azacytidine has demonstrated promise in the treatment of which form of cancer?

A. Pancreatic
B. Gallbladder
C. Liver
D. Colon

B. Reduced protein synthesis

The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in:

A. Failure of DNA
B. Reduced protein synthesis
C. Increased Na+ K+ pump function
D. Increased aerobic mechanisms

D. Increase in size

When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an:

A. Decrease in number
B. Increase in excitability
C. Decrease in length
D. Increase in size

A. Sodium

A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of:

A. Sodium
B. Magnesium
C. Calcium
D. Potassium

A. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)

How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?

A. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
B. By coupled channels
C. By passive electrolyte channels
D. By diffusion

C. A, G, C, and T.

The base components of DNA are:

A. X, XX, XY, and YY.
B. P, G, C, and T.
C. A, G, C, and T.
D. A, G, C, and U.

C., D., E.

Research has provided support for the theory that epigenetic modifications can result from deficient in utero nutrition causing which chronic disease? (Select all that apply)

A. Asthma

B. Crohn's disease

C. Diabetes (Type II)

D. Obesity

E. Cardiovascular disease

A. rigor mortis.

When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6-14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of

A. rigor mortis.

-stiffening of the muscles

B. livor mortis.

-prominent blue-purple discoloration of skin in the regions where blood has settled in the dependent tissues (lower region)

C. algor mortis.

-decrease in body temperature after death

D. gangrene.

-tissue death w/ no specific pattern of cell death

B. calcium.

• too much calcium leads to irreversible damage within the cells

A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular:

A. sodium.
B. calcium.
C. potassium.
D. magnesium.

B. Intracellular dehydration

• cells will lose water to the hypertonic solution due to osmosis

A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected?

A. Symptoms subside quickly
B. Intracellular dehydration
C. Increased ICF volume
D. Decreased ECF volume

D. kidney excretion of H+.

• renal compensation for chronic respiratory acidosis occurs within 3-4 days with increased retention of bicarbonate

For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include:

A. kidney excretion of HCO3.
B. prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2.
C. protein buffering.
D. kidney excretion of H+.

A., C., E., F.

A PA recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (Select all that apply.)

A. Nerve
B. Mucosal
C. Muscle
D. Skeletal
E. Connective
F. Epithelial

C. Maternal nondisjunction

What is the most common cause of Down Syndrome

A. Maternal translocations
B. Paternal translocations
C. Maternal nondisjunction
D. Paternal nondisjunction

B. Environmental stressors

When considering abnormal epigenetic modifications, what factor is currently being viewed as strongly associated with the development of some cancers?

A. Lifestyle Choices
B. Environmental stressors
C. Emotional coping skills
D. Family genetics

D. Hormonal hyperplasia

When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of:

A. Compensatory anaplasia

B. Hormonal anaplasia

C. Compensatory hyperplasia

-adaptive mechanism that enables organs to regenerate - ex) liver, epithelial cells, bone marrow, etc.

D. Hormonal hyperplasia

-occurs in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal stimulation - ex) menstrual cycle

B. Kidneys

• many renal diseases impair kidney’s ability to conserve sodium - increasing flow through distal tubule and promotes K+ secretion

Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long-term potassium defects?

A. Lungs
B. Kidneys
C. Gastrointestinal tract
D. Central nervous system

D. Nucleolus

A eukaryotic cell undergoes DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained?

A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleus cytoplasm
C. Ribosome
D. Nucleolus

D. Substrate

In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for an

A. Solute
B Receptor
C. Ribosome
D. Substrate

D. It is inherited from the father

What characteristic of Prader-Will syndrome is not a characteristic of Angelman syndrome?

A. Imprinting of an abnormal chromosome 15
B. Mental retardation is observable
C. Seizure disorder is present
D. It is inherited from the father

D. DNA damage is left unrepaired

-Colon cancer cells often have the hypermethylation in the promoter region of the MLH1 gene that encodes a protein that repairs DNA damage

-When MLH1 becomes inactive, DNA damage accumulates, giving rise to colon tumors.

What is the role of inactive MLH1 in the development of some forms of inherited colon cancer?

A. Abnormalities of chromosome 11p15.5 that lead to downregulation of IGF2
B. Expansion in the number of cytosine-guanine (CG) dinucleotide
C. Deletion of s nucleotide repeat in the DUX4
D. DNA damage is left unrepaired

A. Excessive protein

• ER stress accumulates to lead to apoptosis, which is signaled by severe cell injury

When a nurse is checking urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of

A. Excessive protein
B. Blood
C. Slight glucose
D. urea

A., B., C., F.

A patient had been reading on the internet that light to moderate intake of alcohol is cardioprotective. When the patient asks the nurse what this means, the nurse should respond that the heart is protected by which of the following mechanisms (Select all that apply)

A. Prevention of clot formation
B. Reduction in platelet aggregation
C. Decrease in blood pressure
D. Increased collateral circulation
E. Decreased plate absorption
F. Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

B. Laxative abuse

• potassium deficiency

• develops in elderly, alcoholics, and those with anorexia due to dietary deficiency of K+

A 42 yr old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?

A.Hypoglycemia
B. Laxative abuse
C. Constipation
D. Respiratory acidosis

D. X-linked recessive

A patient, age 9, is admitted to a pediatric unit with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. When planning care the nurse recalls the patient inherited this condition through a trait that is:

A. X-linked dominant
B. X-influenced.
C. X-limited.
D. X-linked recessive

A. ethanol

Research has demonstrated that neural stem cells have an impaired ability to differentiate into functional neurons when subjected to:

A. ethanol
B. insufficient nutrients
C. poor oxygenation
D. marijuana

C. genomic imprinting

A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome. This condition is an example of:

A. an autosomal recessive trait
B. a sex-linked trait
C. genomic imprinting
D. an autosomal dominant trait

D. conductivity

A student is reviewing the functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying the chief function of the nerve cell as:

A. maintenance of homeostasis
B. communication
C. sensory interpretation
D. conductivity

A. anaphase

The phase of the cell cycle during which centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as:

A. anaphase
B. metaphase
C. prophase
D. telophase

C. size

A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:

A. vacuoles
B. lipofuscin
C. size
D. number

C., E., F.

After ingestion of lead, what organ systems should the PA monitor because they are the most sensitive to the effects of lead? (Select all that apply)

A. lungs
B. liver
C. brain
D. heart
E. kidneys
F. hematopoietic

D. increased blood volume

• synthesized and secreted from adrenal cortex

• conserves sodium, regulates [K+]

• increase in sodium in the blood causes H2O retention

Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in:

A. decreased plasma osmolality
B. localized edema
C. increased serum potassium levels
D. increased blood volume

B. Plasma proteins

A PT is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The PT recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by

A. The availability of membrane transporter proteins
B. Plasma proteins
C. Hydrostatic pressure
D. The concentration of sodium

D. Citric acid cycle

Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?

A. Glycolysis
B. Digestion
C. Digestion
D. Citric acid cycle

D. Frameshift mutations

Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis?

A. Base pair substitutions
B. Intron mutations
C. Silent mutations
D. Frameshift mutations

B. Translation

A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist explaining?

A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Translocation
D. Termination

B. Decreased ATP production

• ATP is needed to pump out excess Na+ and maintain cell volume

Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:

A. Dehydration
B. Decreased ATP production
C. Ribosome detachment
D. Karyorrhesis

C. Ischemia

-reoxygenation injury does not allow for adequate blood flow and oxygenation

A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:

A. Free radicals
B. Malnutrition
C. Ischemia
D. Chemical toxicity

A. Renal failure

-Hyperkalemia = excess [K+] can be caused by decreased renal excretion

-Metabolic acidosis = [nonvolatile acids] increase as bicarbonate is not being regenerated by the kidney

Which patient should the PA assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnosed with:

A. Renal failure
B. Cushing syndrome
C. Pulmonary disorders
D. Diabetes insipidus

B. Consanguinity

A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child's parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of:

A. X-inactivation
B. Consanguinity
C. Obligate carriers
D. Genomic imprinting

C. Heart disease

Mutations in the encoding of the histone modifying proteins have been shown to influence the development of what congenital condition?

A. Webbed digits
B. Acephalous
C. Heart disease
D. Cleft palate

A. Turner syndrome

A 13 year old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. What medical diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart?

A. Turner syndrome
B. Fragile X syndrome
C. Cri du chat syndrome
D. Down Syndrome

D. Respiratory acidosis

A 54-year old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help confirm the diagnosis of:

A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis

D. Compensatory hyperplasia

A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver is removed, the remaining cells would undergo:

A. Pathologic metaplasia
B. Compensatory aplasia
C. Pathologic hyperplasia
D. Compensatory hyperplasia

B. Osmotic forces

Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by:

A. Buffer systems
B. Osmotic forces
C. Plasma oncotic pressure
D. Antidiuretic hormone

B. Pneumonia

-alveolar hypoventilation creates excess [CO2] in blood

-caused by drugs, head injury, paralysis of respiratory muscles, chest wall disorders, respiratory illness

Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis?

A. Vomiting
B. Pneumonia
C. An increase in non carbonic acids
D. Hyperventilation

D. A nucleus

A student is observing a cell under a microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?

A. Free-floating nuclear material
B. A single circular chromosome
C. No organelles
D. A nucleus

B. They are transcriptionally active

Housekeeping genes are vital to the function and maintenance of all the body's cells. What characteristic is associated with these genes?

A. Epigenetic silencing has occurred
B. They are transcriptionally active
They lack encoding histones
Ribosomal RNA genes are absent

C. Complete cessation of respiration and circulation

Confirmation of somatic death is based on:

A. Presence of algor mortis
B. Change in skin color to pale yellow
C. Complete cessation of respiration and circulation
D. Presence of livor mortis

C. Hyperventilating

-The respiratory system's efforts to compensate for the increase in metabolic acids result in what are termed Kussmaul respirations, a form of hyperventilation in which ventilations are deep and rapid

-Represents the body's attempt to increase the pH by expelling carbon dioxide to decrease [carbonic acid]

For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by:

A. Excreting H+ through the kidneys
B. Retaining CO2 in the lungs
C. Hyperventilating
D. Secreting aldosterone

B. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation

A 55-year-old female presents to her primary care provider and reports dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
B. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
C. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
D. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

B. Cell junction

-Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell

-Gap junctions allow for cellular communication between cells

-Neither desmosomes nor tight junctions are associated with cellular
communication

Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?

A. Desosome
B. Cell junction
C. Gap junction
D. Tight junction

B. Symport

The ion transport that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport?

A. Antiport
B. Symport
C. Biport
D. Uniport

D. Coagulative necrosis

A 2 year old swallowed watch batteries. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause?

A. Karyorrhexis - fragmentation of the nucleus into small particles - “nuclear dust”
B. Ammonia accumulation -
C. Caseous necrosis - results from pulmonary TB/infection, dead cells disintegrate but don't completely hydrolyze - soft, granular tissues form
D. Coagulative necrosis - albumin changes into firm, opaque substance (area is called infarct); commonly found in the heart

C. Acute acidosis

-ECF hydrogen ions shift into cells in exchange for ICF potassium and sodium

-Insulin also facilitates the movement of potassium into the cell, so insulin deficit often is accompanied by hyperkalemia

Which of the following conditions would cause the physician to monitor for hyperkalemia?

A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Insulin usage
C. Acute acidosis

D. decreased muscle mass

While planning care for elderly individuals, the nurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have:

A. a higher total body water volume.
B. an increased tendency toward developing edema.
C. increased thirst.
D. decreased muscle mass

C. Dehydration

-example of isovolemic hypernatremia, which occurs when there is a deficit of H2O with a normal/near-normal body [Na+]

Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia (excess [Na+])? A patient with:

A. Vomiting
B. Diuretic use
C. Dehydration
D. Hypoaldosteronism

A. K+ rushing into the cell

A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is -70mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?

A. K+ rushing into the cell
B. Na+ rushing out of the cell
C. Na+ rushing into the cell
D. K+ rushing out of the cell

B. aneuploid

A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a ____ cell

A. polyploid
B. aneuploid
C. monoploid
D. tetraploid

D. Necrosis

A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process?

A. Adaptation
B. Pathologic calcification
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis

B. liver failure

• liver plays a key role in production of protein that maintains blood pressure

Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with:

A. a high-protein diet
B. liver failure
C. low blood pressure
D. low blood glucose

A. Acidosis

-With acidosis, ECF hydrogen ions shift into cells in exchange for ICF potassium and sodium. As a result, hyperkalemia and acidosis often occur simultaneously

A 19 year old male presents to his primary care provider reporting restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition:

A. Acidosis
B. Primary hyperaldosteronism
C. Insulin secretion
D. Diuretic use

D. Phagocytosis

During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion?

A. Pinocytosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Endocytosis
D. Phagocytosis

C. It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.

What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases?

A. Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span.
B. It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.
C. It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.
D. Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component.

A. Intravascular Fluid

A PT is reviewing lab reports. The PT recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments?

A. Intravascular Fluid
B. Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
C. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
D. Interstitial Fluid

B. Caseous necrosis

A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is most likely the cause?

A. Coagulative necrosis - albumin changes into firm, opaque substance (area is called infarct)
B. Caseous necrosis - results from pulmonary TB/infection, dead cells disintegrate but don't completely hydrolyze - soft, granular tissues form
C. Autonecrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis - results from ischemic injury to neurons/glial cells in the brain; cells become liquified and cysts form to separate from the healthy tissue

C. Oliguria

-occurs in the kidneys during hyperkalemia

-decreased urine output = decreased delivery of Na+ and H2O = impairs K+ secretion

A 60-yr-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to observe?

A. Constipation
B. Weak pulse
C. Oliguria
D. Excessive thirst

A. Infection-induced apoptosis

A ​​50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnosed with hepatisis C. Examination of the liver reveals cell death secondary to:

A. Infection-induced apoptosis
B. Fat necrosis
C. Physiological apoptosis
D. Pykonsis

D. Increased interstitial oncotic pressure

-forces favoring filtration = capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial oncotic pressure

-forces opposing filtration = capillary oncotic and interstitial hydrostatic pressure

An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space.

A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased capillary oncotic pressure
D. Increased interstitial oncotic pressure

B. TAGCCTAG

A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand?

A. CGATACGT
B. TAGCCTAG
C. TUGCCTUG
D. UAGCCUAG