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what age group is middle childhood?
6-12
- school aged in US
- seminal period of training and socialization
- independent in daily occupations
- self management skills emerge
- alot of change occurring
is nature or nurture more dominant in middle childhood?
- nurture
- in early infancy, nature predominates
explain growth in middle childhood?
- a time where growth slows (in comparison to early childhood) down due to defilement/definement occurring
- your brain is growing and you see this as the children's skills enhance
your brain is adults size typically by the age of ____ ?
this is also a time where the brains corpus callosum becomes fully _________
- 7
- myelinated (faster communication) this allows for bilateral skills
what other 2 things are occurring as the brain establishes in middle childhood?
- motor integration
- growth in frontal lobe
in regards to sensory development what 2 things are growing the most from experience in early childhood?
- visual and auditory senses from stimuli (commonly occurring in the classroom)
what are some problems that can affect the visual and auditory senses in middle childhood?
- visual acuity (20/20)
- visual field disorder (important for safety)
- low vision (what you can see at 20 feet, another person can see at 70)
- legal blindness 20/200 or worse
- deafness
what gross motor milestones are occurring in middle childhood?
- center of gravity moves to from thoracic region to lower umbilicus
- Dual-task improves = walking and talking at the same time
- prebuscent growth spurts (girls are usually taller)
- muscle strength increases (risks for injuries that can impact development)
what fine motor milestones are occurring in middle childhood?
- Speed and dexterity (small movements such as writing) increases
- Coincidence anticipation timing - moving in response to something (catching a wallet as its thrown to you)
- hand dominance around the age of 5 (hemispheric lateralization facilitates this)
attention is developing alot during middle childhood, and that is why ______ is often diagnosed in this age
- ADHD
- important to remember, however that middle childhood is a period of time where kids are easily distracted
working memory in middle childhood?
- the brain filtering out information for short and long term memory
psychomotor development is ______ _____ ______ ______ _________?
- how to think and move
- praxis = ability to plan and move an action
- very important for activities and participation
in regards to perception in middle childhood, what is occurring?
- You begin making sense of depth perception, and size constancy (something stays the same size even if you are far away from it)
- Figure-ground perception - first image (identifying an object based on what it seems to be)
activities and participation in middle childhood includes a number of things, the first one being school. what goes activities go into the participation of school?
- self management - forms around 11 years old, and this is categorized by having opinions (what they want/don't want to eat/ want/don't want to wear), ability to match social norms, (understand concepts of time), sharing, safety, and complete physical tasks such as running.
- mobility - walking from class to class, running with friends and matching their speed
- social function - ability to do tasks with others, and they are learning how to share
- also learning about safety
- enhanced emotional control
in terms of school and students with disabilities, something called affective awareness occurs, what is this?
what is cognitive rebellion?
- children become more aware of their differences, and understand others perception of them (they know when someone is talking about them)
- children want to fit in, and if this doesn't occur than anger issues can arise
what is vygotskys theory of learning and development ?
- zone of proximal development
- giving a child a tasks that is challenging but can be accomplished with assistance and support
- scaffolding also good to use explaining something using different steps (charts, images, etc)
- very good to use in school for middle childhood
what is metalinguistic awareness (which is occurring in middle childhood) ?
audience specific tailoring?
- some words have meanings and double meanings (cool as a cucumber, meaning they stay calm, middle childhood children can understand this now)
- children change the way they talk when speaking to their friends in comparison to their parents (boys talk like their dads)
written communication also increases in middle childhood, and problems in this area could be an indication of of what?
- language comprehension
- grasp patterns
- any domain
the following are types of communication in middle childhood
rapport talk?
report talk?
- more commonly seen in females, trying to share things that are intimate, and involve tying to be liked
- more commonly seen in boys, and incorporate facts, as well as interest of competition
in middle childhood, interpersonal relationships are enhancing, what are the following specific examples
- social referencing?
- social knowledge?
- social competence?
- social capital?
- ability to read emotional reactions of others and using it to guide behavior
- understand and interpret peer relations, friendships, aggression
- emotional regulation
- tangible resource that is valued in social network
- review slide 20 for images that help better understand these
play in middle childhood often is gender segregated : true or false?
true, girls also will commonly play in smaller groups
true or false: screen time can have a negative affect on your brain?
true, as well as many other things
true or false: middle childhood is a stressful period?
true, and there experiences can shape how they cope with situations in adolescence and adulthood
in middle childhood, you should be sleeping at least ___ _____ hours a night
9-10
what is included in the biopsychosocial model of health?
- biology (genetics, comorbidity, physical health)
- social and environment (culture, work, peer group)
- psychology (self esteem, coping skills, social skills)
Children in an acute care hospitalization is very stressful for many reasons, what are some of those reasons?
- they are removed from familiar surroundings
- needles (don't like them)
- might be their first encounter
- most likely have immature coping strategies
- people in masks
- scary equipment
how a child reacts to the hospital environment depends on what?
- developmental age
- seriousness of the diagnosis
- support system
- previous experience with illness
- physical and social environment
object permanence?
how does this relate to children and fear with hospitals?
- things exist even when they are not within visual recognition
- children are now able to associate fear (needles) with the hospital, therefor when entering the hospital they will automatically begin to freak out
what are issues for children hospitalized under the age of 1?
- object permanence beginning
- loud noises
- strangers
- parental seperation
- because they are unable to communicate verbally; may have increased crying, decreased play, schedule is upset.
what are issues for children hospitalized around the toddler age (2-3)?
- developmental regressions (toilet training, biting, hitting, and head banging)
- large objects, masks, changes in person environment
- fears
what are issues for preschool children that have been hospitalized?
- create "bad guys" in their head
- doc mcstuffins example (good thing)
- dark rooms, seperation from parents strangers, noises, etc
what are issues for a 6-11 year old (school aged child) being hospitalized?
- don't understand that things aren't permanent yet such as a colostomy bag
- beginning to understand that there parents are stressed
- they understand what death is
what are issues for adolescents being hospitalized?
- fear about peer opinion
- sexuality and performance (don't want to tell provider about their history)
- body changes
- need for information (tell them what they want to know)
what are the following coping strategies to help children deal with hospitalization's?
- avoidance
- distraction
- support seeking
- positive cognitive restructuring
- problem solving
- post pone talking about it
- talk about interest (distract from blood draw IV)
- physical object (checking the teddy bear before checking the child, blankets)
- "can you hold my hand, sit on my lap"
- give child support (if they are on pain meds give it to them prior)
play is important in the hospital setting because it is a child's ___________?
occupation
never ________ to your patient/children
lie
- they will be mad and not trust you
- sit down eye level with them for increased trust
- be patient with them
- be aware of what you are wearing (colorful is good)
characteristics of children that have chronic illness?
- might be less anxious
- health care providers become familiar
- circle of intimacy shrinks
- they loose innocence
- parental concerns (might have to take off work, financial pressure)
- ensure you are checking on the parents, maybe try and find someone to give them a break
what are the 2 period of the theory of transformed parenting?
- entranced ?
- operating?
- period when diagnostic activity is happening (can be devastating, or the diagnosis can be a relief)
moms know when things are wrong, listen to them
- figuring out how to incorporate the child's disability into your life (giving up work, grandparents moving closer)
- "new normal"
what is the uncertainty in illness theory?
- they cant interpret the effect of their child illness
- what is going to happen when they (the parents are gone)
concept of chronic sorrow?
- grief that happens when child with disability isn't "normal" starting kindergarten, prom, graduation, marrying, grandkids, etc
having a child with a disability on marriage?
- does not destroy and good marriage but can a fragile one
- don't have children to strengthen marriage
- does not increase the rate of divorce
what are some tips for health professionals
... look at slide
what are the adolescent ages?
early - 12-15
middle - 15-16
late - 17 and later
developmental tasks of adolescence?
biological challenges (sexual maturity, changes in body appearance)
psychological challenges (ego, self identity, physical/emotional seperation from parents)
sociocultural (where you fit in society and your future goals)
erickson's identity vs role confusion in adolescents
career - realistic, in comparison to children
sexuality - identifying that
religion - right of passage/confirmation and understanding of adopting a religious identity
political ideology - gaining knowledge in this area and opinions may differ from families opinion
wagner's optimal development in adolescents
biological, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, and vocational
the following flashcards go into more detail with these
biological development in adolescents
- require more sleep
- girls hit growth spurt first (10-11 years old)
- growth spurt responsible for 20 percent adult stature
what are the changes in the brain and CNS in adolescents?
- synaptic pruning tied to executive functioning and improved decision making
- prefrontal cortex not fully developed
- volume of gray matter increases and then declines
- juvy treats adolescents differently because of the brains plasticity, they believe that surrounding them with a more positive environment might change them for the better rather than worse
what is adolescent brain modeling?
conservative - strongly connected at age 14 and connections get stronger (basic sensory and motor function)
disruptive - associated with association cortex and subcortical regions
remodeling occurs (disruption of pattern of connectivity)
characteristics of cognitive development in adolescents?
- advanced reasoning (multiple options)
- metacognition (thinking about thinking and feeling, perceiving others opinions)
- develop multitasking skills
- heightened level of self-consciousness (may be true or not, "i am fat"
- tend to believe no one has ever experienced similar feelings and emotions
- "it cant happen to me"
- "justice orientation"
- very cause orientation (vegetarian phase)
what are characteristics of psychological in adolescents?
- early - critical recognize parents as not perfect
- middle - family ties broken and reformed
- late - realistic view of parents who are loved and dealt with maturely
functional independence?
attitudinal independence?
emotional independence?
conflictual independence?
- every day tasks
- own values, beliefs, which may mirror or be unique to parents
- not dependent on parents approval or emotional support
- separate from parents without guilt
self identity stages of adolescents?
early - confusion, rebellion, childish behavior especially when stressed
middle - focus on self, alternating between high expectations and poor self concept
late - dress and actions have ideas of who they are and what role they play in society
gender identity and sexual orientation ________ during the adolescent period
- evolve
- they may "try on" different identities
- many make suicide attempts before disclosing their identity
- suicide is 3x higher for people who don't identify as heterosexual
stages of development of relationships of sexual attraction?
- early - begin to talk about opposite sex
- middle - first real dating
- late - may develop a sustained relationship
adolescents activity and participation main concepts?
communication
mobility
self care
domestic life
true or false, there are both positive and negative factors with social media use and adolescents
true
adolescents is also the first period of first work for _______
pay
starting to work
main challenges with adolescents ? negative outcomes?
violence
eating disorders
suicide
teen pregnancy
drugs/alcohol
technology
predictors of violence ?
- blaming others
- exposure to it
- poor peer relationships
- involvement with cults
- family history (detachment occurs)
- video games not primarily a cause just association
What is an eating disorder?
- perceptual distortion (brain processing order)
- multifactorial
- can cause death
teen suicide characteristics?
- 2nd leading cause of death
- males more likely to die but females more attempts
teen pregnancy has ______________
decreased
facilitating healthy adolescent transitioning
- communication
- respect different opinion (peers)
review LGBTQ+ content
....
concept of emerging adulthood?
people who do not have children or sufficient income to be financially independent
- prolonged period of identity
what is the age for adulthood transitioning?
18-40
early adulthood is a time for ________ and ________ peak performance
___________ __________ is refined here
physical , mental
between 19 and 26 specifically
self regulation (due to frontal lobe development)
fluid intelligence?
ability to process novel information and to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge
- begins to decline at age 30
crystalized intelligence?
ability to apply knowledge gained through practice, skills, educational learning, and experience
risks in early adulthood?
- MVA and suicide leading cause of death
- unprotected sex
- drug use
- risky behavior
- peer pressure
formal relationship?
informal ?
- employment, or social interaction between 2 parties because of mutual affiliation or goal
- peer friendships
cohabiation
friends with benefits living together
Note 
Flashcard (49)