Studied by 1 personMatter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Mass
A measurement of the amount of matter an object contains
Atom
The smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element
Element
substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components
Periodic Table
A chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties
Molecules
Particles containing more than one atom
Compounds
Molecules containing more than one element
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element
Mass Number
A measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Radioactive Decay
The spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes
Half-life
The time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay
Covalent Bonds
The bond formed when elements share electrons
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions
Hydrogen Bonds
A weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule
Polar Molecule
A molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative
Surface Tension
A property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and creates a sort of skin on the water's surface
Capillary Action
A property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules
Acid
A substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution
Base
A substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution
pH
The number indicating the strength of acids and bases on a scale from 0 to 14, where 7 is neutral, a value below 7 is acidic, and a value above 7 is basic
Chemical reaction
A reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules
Law of Conservation of Matter
A law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed
Inorganic Compounds
A compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen
Organic Compounds
A compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds
Carbohydrates
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Proteins
Long chains of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids, critical to living organisms for structural support, energy storage, internal transport, ad defense against foreign subtances
Nucleic Acids
Organic compounds found in all living cells, which form in long chains to make DNA and RNA
DNA
A nucleic acid that contains the genetic material to pass to offspring and contains the code for reproducing components of the next generation
RNA
A nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins
Lipids
Smaller organic biological molecules that do not mix with water
Cell
highly organized living entity that consists of four types of macro molecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane
Energy
The ability to do work or transfer heat
Electromagnetic Radiation
A form of energy emitted by the sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultra violent light, and infrared energy
Photons
Massless packets of energy that carry electromagneitc radiation at the speed of light
Joule
The amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second
Power
The rate at which work is done
Potential Energy
Stored energy that has not been released
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
Chemical Energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Temperature
The measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance
First Low of Thermodynamics
A law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
Energy Efficiency
The ration of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system
Energy Quality
The ease with which an energy source can be used for work
Entropy
Randomness in a system
Open System
A system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system bundaries
Closed System
A system in which matter and energy exchanges do not occur across bundaries
Inputs
Additions to a system
Outputs
Losses from a system
Steady State
A state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time
Feedback
An adjustment in input or output rates caused by changes to a system
Negative Feedback Loops
Feedback loops in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring
Positive Feedback Loops
A feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
Briefly explain radioactive decay
When material in the nucleus is randomly released. The radioactive element also changes into a different element
What is an element's half-life?
The time it takes for the element to lose half its value
List some properties of water and describe how these properties are important to living systems
-Surface Tension: Water molecules are bonded very strongly together and is difficult to separate -High boiling Point: With this water does not evaporate as such low temperatures and this allows water to stay on the surface of the earth so that we have access to it
If a substance has a pH of 3, how many more times acidic is it than a substance with pH of 5?
pH of 3 is 100 times more acidic than pH of 5
Give and example of potential energy and of kinetic energy
Potential Energy: Pendulum at its highest point about to fall back down Kinetic Energy: Pendulum swing from peak to peak
Explain the first an second law of thermodynamic in your own words
First Law: Energy can't be created or destroyed Second Law: Energy is passed down from organism to organism but the effectiveness of the energy decreases as it is passed down
BTU
quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit
calorie
a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure
systems analysis
analysis of all aspects of a project along with ways to collect information about the operation of its parts
Note
Flashcard