Pre-AP Academic Terms & Definitions (Given Honors 10 Eng)

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53 Terms

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absolute

a word free from limitations or qualifications (“best,” “all,” “unique,” “perfect”)

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abstractions

the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events

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adage

a familiar proverb or wise saying

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ad hominem argument

an argument attacking an individual’s character rather than his or her position on an issue

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allegory

a literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions

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anaphora

the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences

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anecdote

a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event

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antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

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antithesis

a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced

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aphorism

a concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance

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archetype

a detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response

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argument

a statement of the meaning of main point of a literary work

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asyndeton

a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions

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balanced sentence

a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast

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bathos

insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity

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chiasmus

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the 2nd part is structurally reversed (“Susan walked in, out rushed Mary”)

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colloquialism

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

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concrete

details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events

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connotation

the implied or associative meaning of a word

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cumulative sentence

a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases

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deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore the sun will rise on Tuesday morning).

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denotation

the literal meaning of the word

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diction

the word choice made by a writer

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dissonance

harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds

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ellipsis

the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context (“Some people prefer cats; others, dogs”).

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epigram

a brief, pithy, and often paradoxical saying (“The Child if Father of the Man”).

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epigraph

a saying or statement on the title page of a work, or used as a heading for a chapter or other section of a work

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epiphany

a moment of sudden revelation or insight

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epitaph

an inscription on a tombstone or a burial place

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epithet

a term used to point out a characteristic of a person. Homeric epithets are often compound adjectives (“swift-footed Achilles”) that become an almost formulaic part of a name. Epithets can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition. For example, athletes may be proud of their given epithets.

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euphenism

an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

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expletive

an interjection to lend emphasis; sometimes, a profanity

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flat character

a character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of the story

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frame device

a story within a story

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hubris

excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy

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hypotheticals

involving or being based on a suggested idea or theory

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inductive

reasoning-deriving general principles from particular facts or instances

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invective

an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack

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jargon

the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or professions

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limerick

light verse consisting of five lines of a regular rhythm in which the first, second, and fifth lines (each consisting of three feet) rhyme, and the second and third lines (each consisting of two feet) rhyme

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limited narrator

a narrator who presents the story as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts info to what is seen, heard, thought or felt by that one character

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malapropism

the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar (“The doctor wrote a subscription”)

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maxim

a concise statement, often offering advice, an adage

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metonymy

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it

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omniscient narrator

a narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of characters

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parable

a simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lessons

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pedantic

characterized by an excessive display of leaning or scholarship

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polysyndeton

the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjuctions than necessary or natural

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surrealism

an artistic movement emphasizing the imagination and characterized by incongrous juxatapositions and lack of conscious control

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syllogism

a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on major premise and a minor premise

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synecdoche

using one part of an object to represent the entire object

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syntax

the manner in which words are arranged into sentences

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vernacular

the everyday speech of a particular country ore region, often involving nonstandard usage