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A. Philip Randolph

labor and civil rights leader in the 1940s who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; he demanded that FDR create a Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate job discrimination in war industries.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (1933)

New Deal program that paid farmers not to produce crops, provided income while reducing surpluses and stabilizing farm production.

Alfred (Al) Smith

first Catholic nominated for president; lost in 1928 due to prosperity, his religion, urban background, and views on Prohibition.

American Liberty League

conservative anti New Deal organization that criticized Roosevelt’s policies as dictatorial and against free enterprise.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

joint statement by Roosevelt and Churchill outlining Allied goals including self determination, freedom of seas, economic security, and free trade.

Black Cabinet

informal network of Black federal officials led by Mary McLeod Bethune, William Hastie, and Robert Weaver pushing for African American opportunities.

Bonus Army (1932)

group of WWI veterans demanding early payment; Hoover used the Army to remove them, hurting his image.

Brain Trust

group of Columbia University professors who advised Roosevelt on economic policy during the early New Deal.

Charles Coughlin

Catholic priest who used radio to criticize the New Deal and became increasingly anti Roosevelt and anti Semitic.

Court packing plan

Roosevelt’s 1937 proposal to add a Supreme Court justice for each justice over age 70.

Fireside chats

Roosevelt’s informal radio talks that built public confidence and explained policies.

Frances Perkins

Secretary of Labor and first woman Cabinet member who influenced New Deal programs.

Francis Townsend

proposed Old Age Revolving Pension Plan giving seniors 200 dollars per month to stimulate the economy.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

president from 1933 to 1945 who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II.

Harry S. Truman

became president in 1945, used atomic bombs, led early Cold War containment, and proposed the Fair Deal.

Hawley Smoot Tariff (1930)

raised tariffs to record levels and worsened the Great Depression through retaliation.

Herbert Hoover

president blamed for the Great Depression whose policies failed to provide effective recovery.

Hoovervilles

shantytowns of homeless people symbolizing failure of Hoover’s policies.

Huey Long

Louisiana politician who proposed Share Our Wealth to tax the rich and guarantee income for the poor.

Hundred Days

first period of Roosevelt’s presidency when major New Deal legislation was passed.

Lend Lease (1941)

program allowing the U.S. to supply Allied nations with war materials.

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

law that protected unions and required employers to bargain collectively.

National Recovery Administration (1933)

agency that set industry codes for wages, prices, and labor standards.

Neutrality Acts (1935 1936 1937)

laws aimed at keeping the U.S. out of foreign wars by restricting trade and travel.

New Deal (1933 1938)

Roosevelt’s program focused on relief, reform, and recovery during the Great Depression.

Pearl Harbor

U.S. naval base attacked by Japan on December 7 1941, bringing the U.S. into WWII.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)

provided government loans to banks, businesses, and railroads.

Rugged individualism

Hoover’s belief that Americans should rely on themselves rather than government aid.

Second Front

Allied invasion of Western Europe to relieve the Soviet Union, achieved in 1944.

Second New Deal (1935 1936)

additional reforms to strengthen recovery including Social Security and labor protections.

Social Security Act (1935)

established pensions, unemployment insurance, and disability aid.

Chiang Kai Shek

Chinese nationalist leader who lost to Communists and fled to Taiwan.

Domino Theory

belief that if one country fell to Communism others would follow.

Douglas MacArthur

WWII and Korean War general removed by Truman for opposing limited war.

Dwight Eisenhower

president who emphasized containment, nuclear deterrence, and CIA actions.

George Kennan

developed the containment policy against Soviet expansion.

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State who promoted brinkmanship and massive retaliation.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader who industrialized the USSR and led it through WWII and early Cold War.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader who took control of China in 1949.

Marshall Plan

U.S. economic aid program to rebuild Western Europe and contain Communism.

Massive retaliation

policy of using nuclear weapons as a deterrent against Communist aggression.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)

military alliance where an attack on one member is considered an attack on all.

Peaceful coexistence

period of reduced Cold War tension that ended with the U 2 incident in 1960.

Truman Doctrine

policy of aiding nations resisting Communism.

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

meeting of Allied leaders to plan postwar Europe and Soviet entry into war against Japan.

Alger Hiss

State Department official accused of spying for the Soviet Union.

House Un American Activities Committee

congressional group investigating Communist influence in the U.S.

Joseph McCarthy

senator who made unproven accusations of Communist infiltration.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

couple executed for passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.

National Defense Education Act (1958)

provided funding to improve science, math, and language education.

Sputnik

Soviet satellite launch that sparked U.S. fears of falling behind in technology and education.