aggression theories

Instinct theory

Aggression is innate and instinctive; builds up and needs to be released (catharsis).

LINKS to hostile aggression

Instinct theory example

A boxer releasing aggression during a fight

Strengths and weakness' of instinct theory

✅ Explains aggression without external triggers. ❌ Ignores social/environmental factors; aggression can occur without instinct.

Social learning theory

Aggression is learned through observing and imitating others, reinforced by rewards.

LINKS to instrumental aggression (learned tactic to win)

Example of social learning theory

A footballer copying a professional player’s aggressive tackle.

Or Luis Suarez biting

Strengths and weaknesses of social learning theory

✅ Supported by research (Bobo doll experiment). ❌ Doesn’t explain spontaneous aggression without models.

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Aggression occurs when goal-directed behaviour is blocked, causing frustration. LINKS to Reactive aggression

Example of frustration-aggression hypothesis

✅ Explains aggression after failure. ❌ Not all frustration leads to aggression; ignores individual differences.

Aggressive cue hypothesis

Frustration creates readiness for aggression; cues (e.g., weapons, aggressive play) trigger it. LINKS to reactive and instrumental aggression

Example of aggressive cue hypothesis

A hockey player fights after seeing an opponent’s stick raised aggressively.

Strengths and weaknesses of aggressive cue hypothesis

✅ Explains why aggression occurs in certain contexts. ❌ Doesn’t explain aggression without cues.