ineq e2

Gini Coefficient — A measure of income inequality ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality); only measures income distribution and ignores other factors like health or education

Human Development Index (HDI) — A composite measure of development based on life expectancy, education, and income; does not account for inequality within a population

Inequality-Adjusted HDI (IHDI) — A version of HDI that accounts for inequality, showing the actual level of human development after losses due to unequal distribution

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) — A measure of poverty that includes multiple deprivations in health, education, and living standards rather than just income

MPI Incidence (H) — The proportion of a population that is classified as multidimensionally poor

MPI Intensity (A) — The average number of deprivations experienced by poor individuals

Push Factors — Conditions that drive people to leave a place, such as violence, poverty, or lack of jobs

Pull Factors — Conditions that attract people to a place, such as economic opportunity, safety, or education

Prevention Through Deterrence — A U.S. border policy that aimed to reduce migration by forcing migrants into dangerous terrains, increasing risk and mortality

Antemortem — Refers to events or injuries that occurred before death and show signs of healing

Perimortem — Refers to events or injuries that occurred at or around the time of death with no healing present

Postmortem — Refers to changes or damage that occurred after death

Heterogeneous (Bone) — Bone is composed of different materials and structures, making it non-uniform

Viscoelastic (Bone) — Bone responds differently depending on the speed of applied force

Anisotropic (Bone) — Bone strength varies depending on the direction of force applied

Brittle (Bone) — Bone can fracture when subjected to stress beyond its limits

Weakness in Tension (Bone) — Bone is weaker when being pulled apart than when compressed

Force Speed — The rate at which force is applied to bone, influencing fracture type

Force Direction — The angle or direction in which force is applied to bone

Force Focus — The concentration of force over a specific area of bone

Violence (WHO Definition) — The gap between potential and actual outcomes, where harm prevents individuals from reaching full well-being

Direct Violence — Physical, intentional harm inflicted on a person, such as assault

Indirect Violence — Harm caused by social systems or structures rather than direct physical force

Cultural Violence — Beliefs or ideologies that justify or normalize harm, such as racism or sexism

Structural Violence — Systemic inequality embedded in social, political, or economic systems that harms people

Distal Factors (Paul Farmer) — Large-scale structural causes of health outcomes, such as poverty or policy

Proximal Factors (Paul Farmer) — Immediate causes of health outcomes, such as disease exposure

Distal Factors (Epidemiology) — Factors far removed from individual decision-making that influence health

Proximal Factors (Epidemiology) — Factors close to the individual that directly impact health

Morbidity — The presence or rate of disease within a population

Mortality — The rate of death within a population

Intersectionality — The overlapping of social identities (race, gender, class) that create unique experiences of inequality

Intergenerational Inertia — The persistence of inequality and its effects across generations

Embodiment — The process by which social inequality becomes physically expressed in the body

Embodiment (Bioarchaeology Use 1) — Using skeletal markers to identify stress and disease

Embodiment (Bioarchaeology Use 2) — Examining population-level health patterns to infer social conditions

Violent Trauma — Injury caused by intentional harm

Accidental Trauma — Injury caused by unintentional events

Lived Experience — Evidence of health and stress experienced during life, visible in skeletal remains

Death Experience — Evidence related to the circumstances surrounding death, such as trauma or burial context

Health and Disease (Bioarchaeology) — Study of illness and physiological stress in past populations

Diet (Bioarchaeology) — Study of nutrition and food consumption patterns

Lifestyle/Activity (Bioarchaeology) — Study of physical activity and labor patterns

Demographics (Bioarchaeology) — Study of population characteristics such as age and sex

Nutritional Stress — Physiological stress caused by lack of adequate nutrition (e.g., porotic hyperostosis)

Growth Disruption — Interruptions in normal growth and development (e.g., linear enamel hypoplasia)

Infection — Evidence of disease processes affecting bone (e.g., periostitis)

Systemic Stress — Stress affecting the entire body, often due to disease, malnutrition, or environmental hardship

Odds Ratio — A statistical measure comparing the likelihood of an event between two groups; values above 1 indicate higher risk, below 1 indicate lower risk

Forensic Anthropology — The study of human skeletal remains for legal and humanitarian purposes

Humanitarian Goal (Forensic Anthropology) — Identifying missing persons and providing closure to families

Medicolegal Goal (Forensic Anthropology) — Assisting legal investigations by determining identity and cause of death

Five Basic Questions (Forensic Anthropology) — What happened, Who is the individual, Where did it occur, How did it happen, When did it occur

Cause of Death — The biological reason for death, such as injury or disease

Manner of Death — The legal classification of death, such as homicide, suicide, accident, or natural

Sex Estimation (Morphological) — Determining sex based on visual traits of bones

Sex Estimation (Metric) — Determining sex based on bone measurements

Sexual Dimorphism — Biological differences between males and females used to estimate sex

Age Estimation (Subadult) — Estimating age based on growth and development markers

Age Estimation (Adult) — Estimating age based on degenerative changes in bones

Taphonomy — The study of processes that affect remains after death, including decomposition and environmental effects