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accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schema) to incorporate new information
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
egocentrism
in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
emerging adulthood
for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
formal operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
gender role
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure a visual stimulus. their interest wanes and they look away sooner
identity
our sense self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
intimacy
in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experienced
menarche
the first menstrual period
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age), during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
self-concept
our understanding and evaluation of who we are
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activites
social identity
the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
temperament
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
theory of mind
people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
x chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
y chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
social clock
the right time/culturally preferred timing to do social events like marry or have kids
crystallized intelligence
our gathered knowledge and verbal skills. This tends to increase with age
longitudinal study
research where the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time
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