Unit 2 (Ch 2.4-2.8, 3, 4.1-4.4)

ionic

bond between oppositely charged ions, typically a metal + nonmetal, and involves a transfer of electrons

covalent

bond where electrons are shared, typically between 2 nonmetals

perspective drawing

ball and stick model

space-filling model

+1

group 1 oxidation state

+2

group 2 oxidation state

+3

group 3 oxidation state

N/A

group 14 oxidation state

-3

group 15 oxidation state

-2

group 16 oxidation state

-1

group 17 (halogens) oxidation state

0

group 18 (noble gases) oxidation state

Zn and Cd oxidation state

+2

silver oxidation state

+1

Hg₂²⁺

Mercury (I)

NH₄⁺

Ammonium

NO₂^-

Nitrite

NO₃^-

nitrate

SO₃^2-

sulfite

SO₄^2-

sulfate

HSO₄^-

hydrogen sulfate (aka. bisulfate)

OH^-

hydroxide

CN^-

cyanide

PO₄^3-

phosphate

HPO₄^2-

hydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄^-

dihydrogen phosphate

NCS^- or SCN^-

thiocyanate

CO₃^2-

carbonate

HCO₃^-

hydrogen carbonate (aka. bicarbonate)

ClO^-

hypochlorite

ClO₂^-

chlorite

ClO₃^-

chlorate

ClO₄^-

perchlorate

BrO₄^-

perbromate

IO₄^-

periodate

IO₃^-

iodate

BrO₃^-

bromate

IO₂^-

iodite

BrO₂^-

bromite

BrO^-

hypobromite

IO^-

hypoiodite

H₃O⁺

hydronium

C₂O₄^2-

oxalate

C₂H₃O₂^-

acetate

MnO₄^-

permanganate

Cr₂O₇^2-

dichromate

CrO₄^2-

chromate

acid

a substance with at least one H+ ion attached to anion, dissolved in water

prefix of “hydro”

acid ends in -ic

anion ends in -ate (contains oxygen)

acid ends in -ous

anion ends in -ite (contains oxygen)

alkanes

only contain single bonds between C and H

carboxylic acid

contains COOH group

alcohols

contain OH groups

amines

contain C-N bonds. occur when H atoms in ammonia (NH₃) are replaced with organic groups

molar mass

the mass in grams of 1 mole of molecules

mass percent

the percentage by mass of a component of a mixture or an element of a compound

empirical formula

formula that contains the simplest ratio possible of atoms

molecular formula

the exact formula of a molecule; depends on molar mass

mono

1

di

2

tri

3

tetra

4

penta

5

hexa

6

hepta

7

octa

8

nona

9

deca

10