Biology paper 2

Genetic engineering

Alteration of an organism’s genome to produce a desired characteristic

Restriction enzymes

Cuts out a gene from DNA

Pathogen

Disease causing microorganisms

Disease detection methods

Observation, Microscopy, DNA analysis, Antigen analysis

How does leafy cuticles prevent disease from entering

Acts as a physical barrier, prevents water from forming

How does Cell wall prevent disease from entering

Prevents pathogens from entering

Bark function

Dead cells form physical barrier

Antimicrobial substance functions

Kills pathogens, disrupts key functions of pathogens, contains pathogens, acts as antiseptics

Skin defences

dead outer cells prevent pathogens from entering

Nose defences

Mucus traps pathogens

Trachea and bronchi

Pathogens are caught in mucus and are wafted to the stomach via cilia cells, so they are destroyed by the acid

what cell produces mucus?

Goblet cells

Eye defences

Tears and blinking wash pathogens away

Lymphocyte white blood cells functions

Produces antitoxins and antibodies

Phagocyte white blood cell definition

Engulfs pathogens and digests them

Monoclonal antibodies production process

Mice are stimulated to release lymphocytes, lymphocytes are extracted, lymphocytes are placed in a tumor cell to form a hybridoma cell, which replicates itself rapidly, from this, antigens are extracted and purified.

population definintion

The number of a single organisms in a specific area

Community definition

The total number of all species in a given area.

Ecosystem

A larger system where the community interacts with abiotic factors.