ch 16 prokaryotes and protist

cocci

spherical prokaryotic cells

bacilli

rod shaped prokaryotes

spirilla

relatively short abd rigid cells

spirochetes

longer and more flexible cells

gram positive bacteria

thick peptidoglycan layer, absorb gram stain, no outer membrane

gram negative bacteria

thin peptidoglycan layer and has a outer membrane, do not absorb gram stain

capsule

highly organized and dense layer of polysaccharides tightly anchored to the cell

slime layer

unorganized layer of polysaccharides easily removable from the cell

pili

protein filaments that extends from the cell surface and primary functions are cell motility(ability to move) and DNA structure

fimbriae

filament of pilin protein that are shorter than pili and extend from the cell surface

function to adhere cells to one another and are involved in formation of biofilms 

endospores

dormant cell produced by some bacteria that are resistant to damaging conditions

resistant to conditions like extreme heat, toxic chemicals, and nutrient depletion

produced only by gram posistive bacteria Bacillus and Clostridium

phototroph

obtain energy from the sunlight

chemotroph 

obtain energy from chemical compounds

autotroph

use carbon fixation to capture carbon for making their own food and other cell components(inorganic)

Heterotroph

consume and use organic molecules to supply carbon for creating other cell components

biofilms

group of cells encased in a slime-like polysaccharide layer adhered to a surface

bioremediation

use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water.

biofilms used in sewage treatment facilities

domain Archaea includes

extreme halophiles-salt lovers

extreme thermophiles-heat lovers

methanogens-thrive in anaerobic(no O2) conditions

live in extreme environments where other lifeforms cannot survive

domain bacteria

1.Proteibacteria

2.Gram positive bacteria

3.cyanobacteria

4.chlamydias

5.spirochete

Proteobacteria

all gram negative

share rRNA sequence

cyanobacteria

oxygen generating photosynthesis

termed blue-green algae

origin of oxygen in the atmosphere

clamydias

live inside eukaryotic host cells

parasites that live inside host

spirochetes

heterotrophs with corkscrew shape

includes notorious pathogen

exotoxins

proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment

ex) botulism, anthrax

endotoxin

lipid component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell

helicobacter pylori

causes peptic ulcers

shores the roles in the stomach microbiota

protist

diverse paraphyletic group of eukaryotic organisms that are not plant, animals, or fungi

live in aquatic or moist habitats

types of protist

autotrophic- algae

heterotrophic-protozoans

mixotrophic-mixotrophs capable of both photosynthesis and heterotroph

4 monophyletic supergroup

SAR

Excavata

Unikonta

Archaeplastida

Stramenopila

include diatoms, brown algae, and water molds

Alveolata

includes dinoflagellates, ciliates and certain parasites

Rhizaria

includes foraminiferans and radiolarians

excavata

has a feeding groove

some are anaerobic w/ modified mitochondria

-parasitic Giardia

-Trichomonas vaginalis

-Trypanosoma’s

others mixotroph-Euglena

-termite endosymbionts

Unikonta

heterotrophic

1.Amoebozoans- amoebas w/ lobed-shaped psuedopodia, plasmodila slime mold and cellular slime molds

2.fungi and animal

Archaeplastida

autotrophic-produce own food using inorganic substances

red algae-multicellular, contribute to structure of coral reefs and species of commercial value

green algae-unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. life cycle involve alteration of generations w/ (n) gametophyte and (2n) sporophyte generations

land plants-closely relates to green algae charophytes

life cycle process

1.sporophyte (2n) produces (n) spores via meiosis

2.haploid spores grow into multicellular gametophytes(n)-half male and half female

3.gametophyte produces haploid gametes(sperm/eggs) via mitosis

4.sperm fertilizes egg, forming a diploid zygote(2n)

5.zygote forms into a new diploid sporophyte