Esthetics Chapter 2 Vocab

Milady Esthetician Book Chapter 2 Vocab

Abduction

(ab-DUK-shun)

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers.

Absorption

(ub-SORP-shun')

the transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells

Accessory Nerve

(ak-SESS-uh-ree NURV)

*aka* *eleventh cranial nerve;* a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

Adduction

(ah-DUK-shun)

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adduction draws the fingers together

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

(AD-uh-pohs TISH-oo)

a specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body

Adrenal Glands

(uh-DREEN-ul GLANDZ)

glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones

Anatomy

(ah-NAT-ah-mee)

the study of human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

Aorta

(ay-ORT-uh)

the body's largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

Arteries

(AR-tuh-reez)

thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body

Arterioles

(ar-TEER-ee-ohlz)

small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

Auricularis Muscles

(aw-rik-yuh-LAIR-is MUS-uhlz)

the three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward

Auriculotemporal Nerve

(aw-RIK-yuh-loh-TEM-puh-rul NURV)

affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull

Autonomic Nervous System

(aw-toh-NAHM-ik NUR-vus SIS-tum)

abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.

Belly

The middle part of the muscle

Biceps

muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm

Blood

nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

Blood Vessels

tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Body Systems

groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions.



The human body is composed of 11 major systems;

Brain

part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity

Brain Stem

structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain

buccal nerve

(BUK-ul NURV)

affects the muscles of the mouth

buccinator

(BUK-sih-nay-tur)

the thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle

capillaries

(KAP-ih-lair-eez)

tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials

cardiovascular system

(kahr-dee-oh-VAS-kyoo-ler SIS-tum)

body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body

carpus

(KAR-pus)

also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments

Cell membrane

part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

Cells

basic unit of all living things; capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

Central nervous system

abbreviated CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves

Cervical nerves

a branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle

cervical cutaneous nerve

(SUR-vih-kul kyoo-TAY-nee-us NURV)

located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone

cervical vertebrae

(SUR-vih-kul VURT-uh-bray)

the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region

circulatory system

(SUR-kyoo-lah-tohr-ee SIS-tum)

also known as cardiovascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

clavicle

(KLAV-ih-kul)

also known as collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula

common carotid arteries

(KAHM-un kuh-RAHT-ud ART-uh-reez)

arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch

connective tissue

(Kun-neck-tiv TISH-00)

fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat

corrugator muscle

(KOR-uh-gayt-or MUS-uhl)

facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

cranium

(KRAY-nee-um)

oval, bony case that protects the brain

defecation

(def-ih-cay-shun)

elimination of feces from the body

deltoid

(DEL-toyd)

large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

deoxyribonucleic acid

(DEE-ox-ee-RYE-boh-NEW-clayic ASUD)

abbreviated DNA; the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

depressor anguli oris

(dee-PRES-ur ANG-yoo-lye OH-ris)

also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth

diaphragm

(DY-uh-fram)

muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing

digestion

(dy-JES-chun)

breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means

digestive enzymes

(dv-JES-tiv EN-zymz)

chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body

digestive system

(dy-JES-tiv SIS-tum)

also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs

digital nerve

(DIJ-ut-tul NURV)

sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers

Digits

also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones

ductless glands

(DUKT-lis GLANDZ)

also known as endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream

eleventh cranial nerve

(ee-LEV-unth CRAY-nee-ul NURV)

also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

endocrine glands

(EN-duh-krin GLANDZ)

also known as ductless glands; release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body

endocrine system

(EN-duh-krin SIS-tum)

group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body

enzymes

a group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion

epicranius

(ep-ih-KRA-nee-us)

also known as the occipitofrontalis; a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitalis and frontalis

epithelial tissue

(ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul TISH-oo)

protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands

ethmoid bone

(ETH-moyd BOHN)

light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities

excretory system

(EKS-kruh-toh-ree SIS-tum)

group of organs--including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs that purify the body by elimination of waste matter

exhalation

(eks-huh-LAY-shun)

breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs

exocrine glands

(EK-suh-krin GLANDZ)

also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts. sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group

extension

when muscles straighten. when the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line, for example

external jugular vein

(eks-TUR-nul JUG-yuh-lur VAYN)

vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck

facial nerve

(FAY-shul NURV)

it is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

fifth cranial nerve

(FIFTH KRAY-nee-ul NURV)

also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It has three branches

mandibular nerve

affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip

masseter

one of the muscles that coordinate with the feat pore is, medial prey, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and brings the jaw forward, sometimes referred to as chewing muscles

Macillae Bones

Form the upper jaw

Maxillary Nerve

Affects the upper part of the face

Median Nerve

nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand

Melasma

aka pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentaton on the cheeks, jawline, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy

Maxillae Bones

form the upper jaw

Median nerve

nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand

Melasma

also referred to as pregnancy mask, a form of hyperpigmentation that g characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy

Mental nerve

Affects the skin of the lower lip and chin

Mentalis

muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

Metabolism

(l) chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. (2) the process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy

Metacarpus

also known as palm; consists of five long, slender bones called metacaga bones

Mitochondria

a cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP, adenosine triphososhate

Mitosis

cells dividing into two new identical cells (daughter cells); the normal process of cell reproduction of human issues

Motor nerves

Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitter impulses produce movement

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body

Muscular system

Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body

Nape

Back of the neck

Nasal bones

Bones that form the bridge of the nose

Nasal nerve

Affects the point and lower side of the nose

Nasals muscle

Two-part muscle that covers the nose

Nerve tissue

Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions

Nerves

Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted

Nervous system

Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently, in sync with each other

Neurology

The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

Neuron

Also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord and transmits nerve impulses

Nucleoplasm

Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup

Nucleus

The central part, core. In anatomy and histology, the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that wafts as the genetic control center; it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism

Occipital bone

Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape

Occipitalis

Back or the epicraniud; muscle that draws scalp backward

Ophthalmic nerve

Affects the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage

Orbicularis oculi

Ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid

Orbicularis oris

Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

Organelles

Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function

Organs

Structures composed of specialized tissues; perform specific functions in plants and animals

Origin

Part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle

Ovaries

Function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics