Milady Esthetician Book Chapter 2 Vocab
Abduction
(ab-DUK-shun)
muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers.
Absorption
(ub-SORP-shun')
the transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells
Accessory Nerve
(ak-SESS-uh-ree NURV)
aka eleventh cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles
Adduction
(ah-DUK-shun)
muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adduction draws the fingers together
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
(AD-uh-pohs TISH-oo)
a specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body
Adrenal Glands
(uh-DREEN-ul GLANDZ)
glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones
Anatomy
(ah-NAT-ah-mee)
the study of human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts
Aorta
(ay-ORT-uh)
the body's largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body
Arteries
(AR-tuh-reez)
thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body
Arterioles
(ar-TEER-ee-ohlz)
small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
Auricularis Muscles
(aw-rik-yuh-LAIR-is MUS-uhlz)
the three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward
Auriculotemporal Nerve
(aw-RIK-yuh-loh-TEM-puh-rul NURV)
affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull
Autonomic Nervous System
(aw-toh-NAHM-ik NUR-vus SIS-tum)
abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.
Belly
The middle part of the muscle
Biceps
muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm
Blood
nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
Blood Vessels
tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Body Systems
groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions.
The human body is composed of 11 major systems;
Brain
part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity
Brain Stem
structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain
buccal nerve
(BUK-ul NURV)
affects the muscles of the mouth
buccinator
(BUK-sih-nay-tur)
the thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle
capillaries
(KAP-ih-lair-eez)
tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials
cardiovascular system
(kahr-dee-oh-VAS-kyoo-ler SIS-tum)
body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body
carpus
(KAR-pus)
also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments
Cell membrane
part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
Cells
basic unit of all living things; capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life
Central nervous system
abbreviated CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves
Cervical nerves
a branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle
cervical cutaneous nerve
(SUR-vih-kul kyoo-TAY-nee-us NURV)
located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone
cervical vertebrae
(SUR-vih-kul VURT-uh-bray)
the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region
circulatory system
(SUR-kyoo-lah-tohr-ee SIS-tum)
also known as cardiovascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
clavicle
(KLAV-ih-kul)
also known as collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula
common carotid arteries
(KAHM-un kuh-RAHT-ud ART-uh-reez)
arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch
connective tissue
(Kun-neck-tiv TISH-00)
fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat
corrugator muscle
(KOR-uh-gayt-or MUS-uhl)
facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
cranium
(KRAY-nee-um)
oval, bony case that protects the brain
defecation
(def-ih-cay-shun)
elimination of feces from the body
deltoid
(DEL-toyd)
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DEE-ox-ee-RYE-boh-NEW-clayic ASUD)
abbreviated DNA; the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell
depressor anguli oris
(dee-PRES-ur ANG-yoo-lye OH-ris)
also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth
diaphragm
(DY-uh-fram)
muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
digestion
(dy-JES-chun)
breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means
digestive enzymes
(dv-JES-tiv EN-zymz)
chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body
digestive system
(dy-JES-tiv SIS-tum)
also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs
digital nerve
(DIJ-ut-tul NURV)
sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers
Digits
also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones
ductless glands
(DUKT-lis GLANDZ)
also known as endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream
eleventh cranial nerve
(ee-LEV-unth CRAY-nee-ul NURV)
also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles
endocrine glands
(EN-duh-krin GLANDZ)
also known as ductless glands; release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body
endocrine system
(EN-duh-krin SIS-tum)
group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body
enzymes
a group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion
epicranius
(ep-ih-KRA-nee-us)
also known as the occipitofrontalis; a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitalis and frontalis
epithelial tissue
(ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul TISH-oo)
protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands
ethmoid bone
(ETH-moyd BOHN)
light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities
excretory system
(EKS-kruh-toh-ree SIS-tum)
group of organs--including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs that purify the body by elimination of waste matter
exhalation
(eks-huh-LAY-shun)
breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs
exocrine glands
(EK-suh-krin GLANDZ)
also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts. sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group
extension
when muscles straighten. when the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line, for example
external jugular vein
(eks-TUR-nul JUG-yuh-lur VAYN)
vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck
facial nerve
(FAY-shul NURV)
it is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck
fifth cranial nerve
(FIFTH KRAY-nee-ul NURV)
also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It has three branches
mandibular nerve
affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip
masseter
one of the muscles that coordinate with the feat pore is, medial prey, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and brings the jaw forward, sometimes referred to as chewing muscles
Macillae Bones
Form the upper jaw
Maxillary Nerve
Affects the upper part of the face
Median Nerve
nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand
Melasma
aka pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentaton on the cheeks, jawline, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy
Maxillae Bones
form the upper jaw
Median nerve
nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand
Melasma
also referred to as pregnancy mask, a form of hyperpigmentation that g characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy
Mental nerve
Affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
Mentalis
muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
Metabolism
(l) chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. (2) the process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy
Metacarpus
also known as palm; consists of five long, slender bones called metacaga bones
Mitochondria
a cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP, adenosine triphososhate
Mitosis
cells dividing into two new identical cells (daughter cells); the normal process of cell reproduction of human issues
Motor nerves
Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitter impulses produce movement
Muscle Tissue
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body
Muscular system
Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body
Nape
Back of the neck
Nasal bones
Bones that form the bridge of the nose
Nasal nerve
Affects the point and lower side of the nose
Nasals muscle
Two-part muscle that covers the nose
Nerve tissue
Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions
Nerves
Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted
Nervous system
Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently, in sync with each other
Neurology
The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system
Neuron
Also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord and transmits nerve impulses
Nucleoplasm
Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup
Nucleus
The central part, core. In anatomy and histology, the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that wafts as the genetic control center; it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism
Occipital bone
Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape
Occipitalis
Back or the epicraniud; muscle that draws scalp backward
Ophthalmic nerve
Affects the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage
Orbicularis oculi
Ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid
Orbicularis oris
Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
Organelles
Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function
Organs
Structures composed of specialized tissues; perform specific functions in plants and animals
Origin
Part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle
Ovaries
Function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics