ap hug vocab

mobility

mobility

All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances.

circulation

Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis.

human migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another.

emigration

Movement away from a location.

immigration

Movement to a location.

net migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country.

Gravity Model

A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation.

push factor

A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location.

pull factor

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location.

voluntary migration

Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place.

forced migration

Type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors.

transnational migration

International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin.

internal migration

Movement within a country's borders.

friction of distance

A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve.

transhumance

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter.

chain migration

Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there.

step migration

A series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination.

intervening obstacle

An occurrence that holds migrants back.

intervening opportunity

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice.

guest workers

A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor.

circular migration

A migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs.

refugee

A person who is forced to flee his or her country for fear of persecution or death.

asylum

The right to protection in a country.

internally displaced person (IDP)

A person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country's borders.

human trafficking

Defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion").

repatriate

To return to one's home country.

interregional migration

Movement from one region of the country to another.

intraregional migration

Movement within one region of the country.

quotas

A limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year.

kinship links

Networks of relatives and friends.

skills gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry.

remittances

Money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country.

brain drain

The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another--often richer--country.

relocation diffusion

The spread of culture traits through the movement of people.

dispersed

Spread out.

population distribution

Where people live in a geographic area.

climate

The long-term patterns of weather in a particular area.

temperate climate

A climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts.

landforms

The natural features of Earth's surface.

human migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another.

population density

The number of people occupying a unit of land.

arithmetic density

The total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density.

physiological density

The total number of people per unit of arable land.

arable land

Land that can be used to grow crops.

agricultural density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.

subsistence agriculture

An agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock.

carrying capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustain.

dependency ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100.

sex ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population.

demographics

Data about the structures and characteristics of human populations.

fertility

The ability to produce children.

crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population.

total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49).

mortality

Deaths as a component of population change.

crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population.

infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births.

life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

population pyramids

A graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population.

rate of natural increase (RNI)

Rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate.

Doubling time (DT)

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double.

urbanization

Urban growth and development.

overpopulation

A term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life.

Neo-Malthusian

Describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death.

antinatalist (restrictive)

Describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth.

pronatalist (expansive)

Describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth.

land degradation

Long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life.

culture

The beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation.

cultural trait

A shared object or cultural practice.

artifact

A visible object or technology that a culture creates.

sociofact

A structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior.

mentifact

A central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs.

popular culture

The widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a given point in time.

traditional culture

The long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation.

cultural norms

A shared standard or pattern that guides the behavior of a group of people.

ethnocentrism

A tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture.

cultural relativism

The evaluation of a culture by its own standards.

cultural landscape

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.

identity

The ways in which humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others.

sequent occupance

The notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape.

ethnicity

The state of belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics.

ethnic neighborhoods

A cultural landscape within a community of people outside of their area of origin.

traditional architecture

An established building style of different cultures, religions, and places.

postmodern architecture

A building style that emerged as a reaction to "modern" designs, and values diversity in design.

religion

A system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values.

pilgrimage

A journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons.

language

A distinct system of communication that is the center of human thoughts and cultural identities.

toponym

A place name.

gendered space

A space designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles.

gender identity

An individual's innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both, or neither.

safe space

A space of acceptance for people who are sometimes marginalized by society.

gentrification

The renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences.

third place

A communal space that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place).

sense of place

The subjective feelings and memories people associate with a geographic location.

placemaking

A community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn.

dialect

A variation of a standard language specific to a general area, with differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling.

adherent

A person who is loyal to a belief, religion, or organization.

denomination

A separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations.

sect

A relatively small group that has separated from an established religious denomination.