Veterinary Medicine: Key Concepts and Diagnostic Tests

Signalment

An important general guide, beginning with the patient's age.

Hypotrichosis

Can be associated with various conditions, except hypoestroginism.

Lupus Erythematosus diagnostic tests

The best diagnostic tests for Lupus Erythematosus except Complete Blood Count (CBC).

Nodular dermatofibrosis

In a canine patient, the least indicated diagnostic test is X-Ray.

Skin

A sensitive indicator of hypercorticolism in dogs with both specific and non-specific findings.

Blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelids.

Slit Lamp Biomicroscope

A device used to provide illumination and magnification when evaluating the anterior segment of the eye.

Welch Allyn Panoptic Ophthalmoscope

A device that combines the ease of use of a direct ophthalmoscope with a relatively large area of the fundus evaluated at one time.

Systemic hypertension in dogs

Least caused by hypoadrenocorticism.

Bacterial organisms causing sneezing

The following causes sneezing and nasal discharge in dogs, except Cryptococcus spp.

Hemostatic disorders

The following causes sneezing and nasal discharge in dogs, except Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Black-tarry stools

Indicate possible trauma in the ileum.

Fresh blood in stool

Indicates possible trauma in the rectum.

Spasticity

An increase in muscle tone due to hyperexcitable muscle stretch reflex.

Myotonia

Prolonged contraction or delayed relaxation of a muscle after voluntary or stimulated contraction.

Proprioceptive ataxia

Type of ataxia primarily related to spinal cord disease, differentiated by the absence of head involvement.

Vestibular ataxia

Type of ataxia characterized by head tilt.

Cerebellar ataxia

Type of ataxia characterized by dysmetria, usually manifested by hypermetria.

Paresis

Partial loss of motor function usually manifested as weakness.

Fine-Needle Aspirates

Diagnostic test used to get information on lymphoma, lymphadenitis, metastatic disease, and reactive lymphadenopathy.

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

Used to diagnose pneumonia, intrathoracic masses, nasal abscesses, skull osteomyelitis, and temporomandibular joint abnormalities.

Magnetic resonance

Diagnostic information for meningitis, encephalitis, and discospondylitis.

Hypercalcemia associations

The following are associated with hypercalcemia, except pancreatitis.

Hypocalcemia associations

The following conditions are associated with hypocalcemia, except lymphoma.

Hyperphosphatemia associations

The following are associated with hyperphosphatemia, except diabetic ketoacidosis.

Microscopic elements of urinalysis

The following are microscopic elements of urinalysis, except protein.

Synovial fluid analysis

Must be submitted in a purple top (EDTA) tube.

Normal heart rate in adult giant breed dog

Ranges from 60-140 bpm.

Echocardiography patient position

Best position for larger acoustic window and better image quality is right lateral recumbency.

Preferred echocardiography position for giant breed dogs

Standing position.

2-D Echocardiography

Technique used in evaluating cardiac structural changes, producing real-time anatomic representation of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle.

M-mode Echocardiography

Used for evaluating the phase motion of the cardiac structures during the cardiac cycle.

Imaging equipment

Uses imaging planes that align the sound beam to be parallel with the blood flow.

Spectral Doppler

This equipment uses imaging planes that align the sound beam to be parallel with the blood flow.

Pulsed-wave Doppler

This uses a single-crystal transducer that transmits and receives the doppler signal.

Color-flow Doppler

This allows visual evaluation of direction and velocity of blood flow through the heart. Its primary use is the detection of flow disturbances.

Continuous-Wave Doppler

This uses dual crystals for simultaneous transmission and reception of the doppler signal.

Lactulose

The following drugs are used for rectal suppositories for a patient with deobstipation, except?

Isotonic Saline Solution

The following are used for microenema, except?

4 hours

CSF samples ideally are processed for analysis within?

L5-L6

The most common site for lumbar CSF collection is?

Common Peroneal Nerve

Nerve Biopsy procedure is taken from what nerve?

Proestrus

A slide was given for microscopic examination. Cytologically, basal and parabasal cells, along with intermediate cells were seen. In what stage of the estrous cycle does the patient probably be?

Estrus

Superficial epithelial cells, primarily anucleated, decrease RBC count, no WBC. The background is clear of debris and mucus. What stage of estrous cycle could it possibly be?

Hydrophilic-Angled Guidewire

This equipment is used in interventional urologic procedures used to gain access to the upper and lower urinary tract.

The endoscopic equipment cart is placed on the CRANIAL (Ventral) aspect of patient

In performing otoendoscopy exams, the following statements are correct, except?

Right Atrium

Hemangiosarcoma is the most often described cardiac tumor and is often located in the?

Tissue Doppler Imaging

The method of choice for non-invasive assessment of regional myocardial function is?

Transesophageal Echocardiography

A complementary technique that especially allows better imaging of cardiac structures above AV node such as atria and pulmonary veins.

Contrast Echocardiography

This technique has four applications: detection of shunts, enhancement of Doppler signals, left ventricular opacifications and demonstration of myocardial perfusion.

Transduction-Transmission-Projection-Modulation-Perception

The correct sequence for pain physiology is?

Serotonin and Norepinephrine reuptake Inhibitors

Drugs used for chronic pain management includes?

NSAIDS

These drugs are prototypical therapy for acute pain management due to their safety and efficacy.

Corticosteroids

The best drug choice for the treatment of inflammatory disease, like immune-mediated polyarthritis or steroid-responsive meningoencephalitis, and has a role in local or regional analgesia, as part of protocols for intraocular, epidural, topical, ocular, otic or other localized inflammation and acute pain are?

Right Hemithorax

Generally, the best starting point to position the probe in doing echocardiography is?

Closer to the sternum or more ventrally

For canine brachycephalic breeds, were the thoracic conformation is ventrodorsally compressed, the best acoustic window obtained by placing the probe:

Hypoxemic Shock

Anemia, severe pulmonary disease, methemoglobinemia and carbon monoxide intoxication belongs to this functional classification of shock:

Cardiogenic Shock

Decreased forward flow or venous return belongs to this type of shock:

Impétigo is not contagious and may occur for no apparent reason

The following statements are true about impetigo, except?

Pyotraumatic dermatitis

Hot spot is otherwise known as?

Administration of corticosteroids to lessen inflammatory reaction

The management of superficial staphylococcal pyoderma includes the following, except?

Neospora spp.

Fungal etiologic agents for infectious respiratory diseases for dogs and cats, except.

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

This technique is considered the gold standard for evaluating the gas function of the lung.

Rhinoscopy

The test choice for evaluating nasal disease.

Sedation

In animals with marked respiratory difficulty, sedation is not necessary.

Chronic bronchitis in dogs

Consists of 3 diagnostic criteria, except nasal polyps.

Gabapentin

The following are opioids used in canine chronic bronchitis, except.

H3N2

The strain of Influenza Virus that is considered as the 'Canine Influenza Virus.'

RT-PCR

The most reliable and preferred test to detect influenza virus.

Hemagglutination Test

Preferred serologic test especially in acute and convalescent titers; since most dogs have no circulation CIV antibodies.

Paramyxovirus or Morbilivirus

The causative agent of Canine Distemper.

Mucicarmine Stain

In diagnosing Cryptococosis in dogs, the best stain to demonstrate its capsule.

Fluconazole

The most effective drug in vitro against cryptococcosis.

Amphotericin B

The treatment of choice for Cryptococcosis with mild to moderately severe disease.

Coccidiodes spp.

Valley Fever is caused by the Genus.

Cancer

The most popular target gene therapy.

Suicide Gene

A gene that codes for specific enzymes that is capable of metabolizing a substance into toxic metabolites.

Pharmacokinetics

The process of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion where it specifically describes the relationship between drug and target tissue as well the whole body.

Spill-Over

Dogs and Cats are considered as the spill-over host of Tuberculosis Mycobacteriosis.

Humans

The reservoir host or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Betalactams and Quinolones

Dogs affected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis should initially be treated with a combination of.

Impression Smears

The method of choice in bacterial identification that provides accurate and rapid results to diagnose Nocardiosis.

Early-term abortion

Canine brucellosis includes the following signs, except.

Access of deep/lacerated wound by the bacteria

A patient can get infected with Tetanus when.

Cat Scratch Fever

Bartonella spp can cause the.

Bortonella henslae

The causative agent for 'cat scratch fever.'

Bites from fleas, ticks, flies and lice

The mode of infection in Bartonellosis.

Doxycycline

The treatment of choice for leptospirosis because it eliminates both leptospirosis and carrier phases of infection.

Ingestion of infected tick

Borreliosis is transmitted through.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Anaplasma platys

The causative agent for canine thrombocytic anaplosmosis.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

The causative agent for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Rickettsia rickettsii

The causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

14 days

Treatment protocol for rickettiosis includes the administration of Doxycycline which is the treatment of choice and should be given within.

Imidocarb dipriopionate

Treatment for Hepatozoon canis infection in acute stage include.

Pyremethamine - Sulfadiazine

Treatment of Toxoplasmosis include the following.

Skin scraping presence in the hair sebaceous glands

Demodex injai a longer body canine mites may be diagnosed by.

Enema

A substance given to loosen up dry feces and may relieve constipation and is administered through the anus.

10-20 minutes

Insemination in dogs using artificial insemination should be done within.

2-5 days after ovulation

When doing artificial insemination in a bitch, insemination should be done.