Testes
produce sperm
seminiferous tubules
produce immature sperm
epididymitis
matures and stores sperm cells
van deferens
extends from epididymis to urethra
seminal vesicles
secretes fructose into the semen which provides energy for the sperm
prostate gland
secretes an alkaline buffer into the semen to protect the sperm from acidic environments of the vagina
cowpers gland
makes mucus -rich fluids into the semen that may protect the sperm from acids in the urethra
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
penis
puts sperm into the vagina
How is an erection produced?
-increased blow flow to corpus cavernosum in penis -corpus cavernosum becomes engorged with blood and swells -pressure causes veins to collapse decrease venous return -penis becomes large and stiff
testosterone function
male sexual characteristics at puberty maturation of the testes and penis sex drive muscle growth
spermogenesis steps
-takes approximately 64 -72 days -starts at puberty and usually continues until death with a slight decrease in sperm produced as age increases -
vagina
a canal that leads from the uterus to the outside of the body
cervix
opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth
uterus
female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.
fallopian tubes
tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs. they have 20 to 25 finger -like structures on their ends that hover just above the ovaries and work to collect the mature egg when it is released.
ovaries
glands that produce and stores the egg cells and hormones
what hormones are involved in female sex stuff LOL
GnRH, FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone are involved.
types of stis
• bacterial • fungal • protozoal • viral • even arthropods!
what does progesterone do
maintains lining of uterus
what does estrogen do
secretes in ovaries
what does FSH do
stimulates development of ovum in a follicle
what does LH do
stimulates the release of an egg
what are the four stages of menstruation
flow phase follicular phase ovulation luteal phase
flow phase
Uterus lining and some blood flow out of the body
folliclular phase
FSH is secreted -Follicle develops in the ovary -Follicle begins to secrete estrogen -Increase in estrogen stimulates uterine lining to thicken -preparation for possible pregnancy
ovulation
Estrogen causes decrease of FSH which stimulates the release of LH. When LH is at peak (LH surge) ovulation takes place o -Ovulation: release of mature egg into the Fallopian tube (oviduct) -Release of egg leaves the corpus luteum behind in the ovary
luteal phase
production of estrogen and progesterone which stimulate the endometrium and prepare the uterus for an embryo. If fertilization does not happen, estrogen and progesterone levels fall and the endometrium will be shed in the next fl ow phase.
how does birth control work
Administration of estrogen or progesterone (or both, but usually estrogen) given at significant levels during the first half of the ovarian cycle suppresses ovulation. It suppresses the LH surge.
what is the function of fertilization
T he function of fertilization is to combine chromosomes from two individuals into a single cell called a zygote. (activate the egg)
how many sperm are produced during spermatogenesis
4
how many eggs are produced per oogenosis
1
what are the "dead" eggs during oogenosis called
polar body
how does the sperm get to the egg
Sperm enters oviduct and swims toward egg Sperm is attracted to egg and attaches the eggs jelly coat
acrosomal reaction
the discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, when the sperm contacts an egg
once into the Egg
the sperm membrane then penetrates the jelly coat the egg and sperm membranes fuse and the sperm head penetrates the egg membrane resulting in the sperm nucleus entering the cytoplasm of the egg the fusion of the egg and sperm membranes opens sodium ion channels and the egg is depolarized
cortical reaction
a reaction that occurs during fertilization, when the sperm cell unites with the egg's plasma membrane, that prevents entry of a second sperm.
what are the phases of mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis in which the DNA which was unraveled and spread all over the nucleus is condensed and packaged (chromosomes are visible).
metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
anaphase
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
telephase
4th phase of cell division. the chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct. the nucleur membrane forms
gamets are
haploid gametes must have half the genetic material of a normal cell
stages of meosis
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
meiosis I results in
haploid cells with chromosomes made up of two chromatids
meiosis II is
mitosis on haploid cells
Pro phase I
Homologous chromosomes come together and form tetrads Crossing over, in which chromatids within tetrads exchange genetic material, occers
metaphase I
Tetrads line up along the equator of the cell
anaphase I
one copy of each chromosome still composed of two chromatids moves to each pole of the cell
telophase I
new nuclear membranes are formed aroun d the chromosomes
prophase II
chromosomes are already condensed
metaphase II
chromosomes line up at the equator of the two haploid cells produced in meiosis I
anaphase II
sister chromatids separate
telophase II
telophase II is identical to mitotic telophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.
karyotyping
the process of sorting chromosomes into their matched pairs. an important technique for investigating chromosomal disorders
why is too many chromosomes a problem
Having an extra chromosome is like having a business with too many managers or a car with two drivers or a country with two presidents, perhaps giving contradictory instructions.
some examples of chromosomal disorders include
turners syndrome down syndrome cri du chat edward syndrome
chromosomal nondisjunction
the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division
what are the two types of chromosomal nondisjunction
a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II
what does a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I result in (n being a pair)
N+1 N+1 N-1 N-1
what does the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II result in
N+1 N-1 N N