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State

State

Formal term for a country

Requirements of a state

Has defined boundaries, contains a permanent population, maintains sovereignty, is recognized by other states

Nation

A group of PEOPLE who share a cultural heritage and have similar beliefs and values

Nation-State

A nation whose national/ethnic borders are nearly identical to the borders of the country they reside in.

Stateless Nation

A nation that is spread throughout two or more countries and is not the majority in any of those countries.

Multinational State

A single country that has 2 or more national groups residing inside its borders.

Multi-State Nation

A nation that is spread throughout two or more countries in and is the majority in more than one country.

Autonomous Region

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state.

Irredentism

The claim by the government or political groups in one country that a minority living in a neighboring country belongs to it because of historical cultural connections.

Semi-Autonomous Region

Limited ability to self-govern within a larger political unit.

Ethnic Enclave

A small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture surrounded by a larger culture group.

Ethnic Exclave

A culture separated from the larger culture group by another culture group

Examples of State

The United States, Great Britain, Nigeria, Pakistan

Examples of Nation

Catalonia, The Icelandic People, The Basque people

Examples of Nation-State

Slovenia, Iceland, Japan, Estonia

Examples of Stateless Nation

Kurds, Romani People, Palestinians, Rohingya

Examples of Multination State

United States, Canada, Ukraine, Russia

Examples of Multi-State Nation

North/South Korea, Germany/Austria

Examples of Autonomous Region

Nunavut, Greenland, Tawain, Tibet

Examples of Semi-Autonomous Region

Kashmir, Native American Reservations in US

Example of Irredentism

Russia and Crimea

Examples of Ethnic Enclave

Lesotho, Amish people in America, San Marino, Vatican CIty

Examples of Ethnic Exclave

Kaliningrad to Russia, Alaska to US, Gibraltar to UK, Nakhichevan to Azerbaijan

Political Regions Prior to 1800s

City-states, empires, kingdoms, small land areas controlled by nobles

Nation-State Building

Began in the 1800s in Europe, groups began rebelling against larger empires, divided groups

Imperialism

Includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people; direct conquest

Colonialism

Type of imperialism in which people move into and settle the land of another country

WW1

1914-1918, caused Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empire to collapse, completely redrawn European borders

WW2

1939-1945, Independence of European colonies around the world

Independence Movements

The process of becoming/seeking independence

Self Determination

The right for Nations to govern themselves/desire for statehood

Neocolonialism

Transnational corporations based in the former colonial powers continue to indirectly control the extraction of natural resources and cash crops

Devolution

The transfer of power from the central government to subnational levels of government, mostly following regional lines

Sovereignty

The rights of individual states to govern themselves

Difference between Self Determinism and Sovereignty

Self-Determinism is regarding the people, Sovereignty is regarding the state

Things the world’s remaining dependencies have in common

All small islands/scarcely populated regions

States devolution occurs in

Multi-national states

Examples of Devolution

Nunavut, Regions of the UK

Territoriality

Willingness by a group of people to defend space they claim.

Shatterbelts

A region of persistent political fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces.

Shatterbelt examples

Middle East, former Yugoslavia

Choke Points

Vulnerable maritime bottle necks (straits, canals)

Hegemonic Power

A state that can lead an alliance and dominate the global political and economic. order.

Berlin Conference

A conference with the purpose to split up Africa to avoid fighting between Western countries over resources.

Lasting impacts of the Berlin Conference

Environmental impacts, half the population of Congo died under King Leopold

Define (political process)

Establish by a legal document (treaty)

Delimit (political process)

To draw a line on a map

Demarcate (political process)

To identify by physical objects on the landscape

Administer (political process)

Boundary is enforced

Geometric Boundary

Straight line boundary

Examples of Geometric Boundary

Egypt-Sudan, Indonesia-Papua New Guinea, US-Canada

Physical (or natural) Boundary

Rivers, crests of mountain ranges, or some other physical landmark.

Examples of Physical (or natural) Boundary

Chile-Argentina, Nepal-China, Mexico-US

Cultural (or consequent) boundary

Language and religion lines sometimes used as a boundary

Examples of Cultural (or consequent) boundary

Northern Ireland-Ireland

Antecedent Boundary

Decided before a country is largely populated, preexisting, often natural.

Subsequent Boundary

Drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences

Examples of Subsequent Boundary

France-Germany, Vietnam-China

Superimposed Boundary

Drawn by outside parties via treaties. Many do not reflect existing cultural landscape

Examples of Superimposed Boundary

Egypt-Libya, Papua New GuineaRe-Indonesia

Relict Boundary

No longer exists, but evidence remains in the landscape

Examples of Relict Boundary

West-East Germany, Berlin Wall, North-South Vietnam

Boundary Dispute

Disagreement over interpretation of defined boundaries, often occurs with antecedent.

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas; convention with the purpose of providing structure for maritime boundaries

Territorial Sea

12 nm out: Sovereign territory of the state, foreign civilian and military vessels have the right to innocent passage

Contiguous Zone

24 nm out: State may exercise the control necessary to prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal immigration, or sanitary laws.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Sovereign rights for exploring and exploiting resources, preserving marine environment, establishing artificial islands and structures

Eight States of the Artic

Denmark, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, the US

Conflict in South China Sea

Overlapping offshore boundaries claims, China wants to control much of it for use of resources.

Voting Districts

Internal boundaries that divide a country’s electorate into subnational regions

Gerrymandering

When political parties redraw districts so it favors their party

Redistricting

Redrawing district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same # of people

How often does redistricting happen?

Once every 10 years (after the census)

Reapportionment

Changing the # of representatives granted to each US state so it reflects the state’s population.

What determines the number of electors a US state receives

# of districts + US Senators

# of electoral votes needed for a win

270

Federal Government

Shared between central government and provincial, state, and bad governments, multiple levels of power (diffused)

Unitary Government

Held primarily by the central government with very little power given to local government, no hierarchy

Positives and Negatives of Federal Gov

Power is diffused, less chance of dictatorship, promotes diversity / Change occurs slowly, conflicts occur within gov

Positives and Negatives of Unitary Gov

Strong sense of national identity, laws are standardized, change occurs quickly, less conflict within gov / lack of diversity, abuse of power is more likely

States Federal Gov is commonly used in

Multi-national states

States Unitary Gov is commonly used in

Nation States

Large land area state with unitary government example

China

Small land area state with federal government example

Switzerland

Cracking

Taking a district and spreading the voters so they will not be the majority in any district

Packing

Taking a district and pushing all the voters together so they will only be the majority in one or a few districts

Examples of Centrifugal Forces

Ethnic or cultural differences, linguistic diversity, economic disparity

Examples of Centripetal Forces

Strong leadership, external threats, education, ideology

Division of Ireland between Catholic south and protestant North

Example of centrifugal force in UK

Centripetal Forces of Former Yugoslavia

Marshall Tito, Single language (Yugoslav), rotating presidency

Apartheid

Political and social system in South Africa during white minority rule that enforced racial discrimination against non-whites

Cultural Forces of Devolution Examples

Spain-Basque and Catalonia, Splitting of Czechoslovakia, Sudan-Muslim north/Christian South

Economic Forces of Devolution Examples

Italy-Poor agricultural south and rich industrial north, Spain-Catalonia is much richer than the rest of Spain and could Secede

Devolution of Soviet Union

Caused by 50 years of Cold War arms race and nuclear war threat, 15 republics became 15 independent states, and 5 groups

Spatial Devolutionary Forces Example

Honolulu Hawaii-Different history from US and desire to live apart to keep traditions alive.