Ruminant Neck, Thorax, and Abdomen

What are the boundaries of the jugular groove in cattle?

Dorsal: brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus)

Ventral: sternomandibularis

What are the boundaries of the jugular groove in goats?

Dorsal: brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus)

Ventral: sternozygomaticus

What are the 2 parts of the nuchal ligament in ruminants?

Funicular part

Laminar part

Where does the funicular part of the nuchal ligament run?

Between external occipital protuberance and the highest spines of the withers

How is the laminar part of the nuchal ligament divided?

into paired cranial part with the caudal part being unpaired

What is the vertebral formula in cattle?

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd (18-20)

What is the vertebral formula in goats?

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd (16-18)

What is the vertebral formula in sheep?

C7 T13 L6 S4 Cd (18-20)

How many sacral vertebrae do cattle and sheep have?

5

How many sacral vertebrae do sheep have?

4

What is the main collection center of the head?

lateral retropharyngeal ln.

What is the main collection center of the neck?

Superficial cervical ln.

Enlargement of ln. indicates?

localized infection in drainage area

Multiple lymph nodes enlarged indicates?

systemic disease

Hard granulomatous lymph nodes indicates?

TB or chronic infection

Soft fluctuating lymph node indicates?

abscess

What is the main collection center of the forelimb?

Axillary ln.

What is the clinical relevance of lymph nodes?

Infection

Meat inspection

What are the palpable lymph nodes?

Supramammary

Popliteal

Sub-iliac (prefemoral)

Superficial cervical (prescapular)

Mandibular

Parotid

Lateral retropharyngeal

What is the tail vein where you can perform venipuncture in cattle?

Median caudal vein

What is the median caudal vein a continuation of?

median sacral vein

What is a most common site for withdrawal of CSF in large animals?

Atlanto-occipital joint

Other than collecting CSF, what else can the atlanto-occipital joint be used for?

Used for injection of contrast medium for radiographic examinantion of spinal cord (myelohraphy)

What are the common sites for CSF collection and anesthesia into epidural space?

Atlanto-occipital joint (Skull-C1)

Lumbosacral space (L6-S1)

1st intercoccygeal space (Cd1-Cd2)

Should the external jugular pulse be seen more than halfway up the neck?

No, indicates cardiac disease

What does weakness or paralysis of the serratus ventralis muscle result in?

"Flying Scapula"

Loss of support of the trunk between the forelimbs, causing the dorsal border of the scapula to become prominent above vertebral column

Where is the caudal mediastinal ln. located?

Between the esophagus and descending aorta

How many pairs of ribs do ruminants have?

13 pairs

What are the lobes of the left lung?

Cranial lobe (cranial and caudal parts)

Caudal lobe

What are the lobes of the right lung?

Cranial lobe (cranial and caudal parts)

Middle lobe

Caudal lobe

Accessory lobe

What lung lobe was missing in the horse that ruminants have?

Middle lung lobe

What bronchus ventilates the right cranial lobe separate?

tracheal bronchus

What does the tracheal bronchus branch off of?

Branches off before primary bronchi

Bovine lungs present a (high/low) degree of lobulation?

High

Do cattle have a higher respiratory rate than horses?

Yes, higher degree of lobulation

What are the boundaries of the lung field in ruminants?

Dorsal: epaxial muscles

Cranial: caudal border of triceps

Caudal: basal border of the lungs

What is the basal border of the lungs?

CCJ of the 6th rib-> dorsal part of 11th rib

(curved line from the olecranon to the top of the 11th rib)

What can an enlarged caudal mediastinal ln. cause?

Mechanical compression of dorsal vagal trunks and esophagus (choke)

What are the clinical consequences of an enlarged caudal mediastinal ln leading to compression of vagal trunks and esophagus?

Interference with gas eructation

Chronic bloat (compression on dorsal vagal trunk)

Dysphagia

Reduced venous return

What is significant about the azygous vein in ruminants?

Ruminants have a right AND left azygous vein

What species have only a right azygous vein?

Horses, dogs, and cats

Where does the right azygous vein empty?

directly into cranial vena cava

Where does the left azygous vein empty?

coronary sinus--> right atrium

What is different about the ruminant heart than other species?

has an ossa cordis

What does the ossa cordis do?

Support the aortic valve

What animals have an ossa cordis?

Cattle, sheep, goats, and white-tailed deer

What are the locations of the heart puncta maxima?

Pulmonary- 3rd ICS Low

Aortic- 4 ICS High

Mitral (left atrioventricular)- 5th ICS Low

What is the location of the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve?

4th ICs

Why is it possible for cattle to sustain a unilateral pneumothorax without collapse of both lungs?

Cattle have a very substantial mediastinum

Where does the right cupula pleurae extend in cattle?

beyond 1st rib, vulnerable to puncture

When using long endotracheal tubes with inflatable cuffs, what is can be obstructed?

Tracheal bronchus

What is the muscle that makes up the "hump" in the caudal cervical region of Zebu (Brahman) cattle?

Rhomboideus m.

Where is a pleurocentesis performed?

through the 6th-7th ICS at the CCJ

What lymph nodes are routinely examined during meat inspection?

Superficial cervical

Parotid ln

What should be visible when placing a stomach tube?

Visible and palpable bulge should be observed on the left side of the neck as tube advances

What does cattle having a thick mediastinum limit?

Limits spread of air and infections between pleural cavities, reducing risk of bilateral pneuomothorax/infection

What lung lobes are more susceptible to pneumonia due to gravity-dependent ventilation and bronchial anatomy?

Cranial lung lobes

What are the boundaries of the paralumbar fossa?

Dorsal: tips of lumbar transverse processes

Cranial: last rib (13th)

Caudal: IAO muscle

What does the left paralumbar fossa allow access to?

to the rumen/auscultation/Fistula

What innervates the cutaneous trunci?

lateral thoracic n.

What is the fiber direction of the EAO?

caudoventral

What covers the external abdominal oblique

tunica flava abdominis

What is the fiber direction of the IAO?

Cranio-ventral

In cattle, what is the flank region primarity innervated by?

last thoracic (T13) and first two lumbar spinal nerves (L1-2)

What do the last thoracic (T13) and first two lumbar spinal nerves (L1-2) provide?

sensory and motor innervation to the abdominal wall

How are the last thoracic (T13) and first two lumbar spinal nerves (L1-2) clinically important?

regional anesthesia (paravertebral block)

Most standing surgical procedures are made through the?

1. Paralumbar fossa (rumenotomy/c-

section-left side)

2. Ventral flank.

3. Three main flank nerves (T13, L1, and

L2)

What do the ventral branches of the main flank nerves (T13, L1, and

L2) supply?

skin and abdominal muscles (except cutaneous trunci), peritoneum

What do the dorsal branches of the main flank nerves (T13, L1, and

L2) supply?

epaxial muscles

What are the types of standing flank region anesthesia?

Paravertebral anesthesia (distal/proximal)

Inverted L block (7/ or inverted 7)

Line block for laparotomy /rumenotomy / C-section/ Line block combined with inverted L

Do all types of standing flank regional anesthesia target to the same nerves?

yes, T13 and L1-2

What innervates the paralumbar fossa?

Spinal nerves T13, L1, and L2

What is the name of the T 13 spinal nerve?

costoabdominal n.

What is the name of the L1 spinal nerve?

iliohypogastric n

What is the name of the L2 spinal nerve?

ilioinguinal n

Where are the injections made for a proximal paravertebral nerve block?

where the nerves exit their respective intervertebral foramina

Where are the injections made for a distal paravertebral nerve block?

over and under the tips of the transverse processes of vertebra L1, L2, L3/L4

counting the transverse processes is

easier if you start ___________

caudally

Where is L6 transverse process hidden?

deep behind the tuber coxae, L5 will be the first one palpable if you count from caudal to cranial

What are other names for the proximal paravertebral nerve block?

Farquharson technique

Hall technique, Cambridge technique

What does the proximal paravertebral nerve block cause?

scoliosis toward desensitized side

In a distal paravertebral nerve block, where is T 13 nerve blocked?

at tip of L1 transverse process, dorsal and ventral injection

In a distal paravertebral nerve block, where is L1 nerve blocked?

at tip of L2 transverse process, dorsal and ventral injection

In a distal paravertebral nerve block, where is L2 nerve blocked?

At tip of L3/L4 transverse processes, dorsal and ventral injection

What are other names for the distal paravertebral nerve block?

Magda technique

Cakala technique, Cornell technique

What is the pathway of infiltration of local anesthetic in an Inverted L-Block (7 or reverse 7?

Vertical: caudal to last rub (rib 13)

Horizontal: parallel with the tips of the lumbar transverse processes

What block are easiest in heavily muscled cattle because the transverse processes are not easily palpated?

Incisional "infiltration" of local anesthetic aka "line block"

What is commonly used to sample spinal fluid tap in calves with meningitis?

L6-S1 epidural

What is commonly used for epidural anesthesia for vaginal/uterine prolapse repair?

Cd1- Cd2

Where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea?

left dorsolateral aspect of trachea

True or False: Food in the esophagus in a ruminant can move both cranially and caudally.

True, eructation

When placing a orogastric tube, what is required to keep the animal from chewing the tube?

frick speculum

What are the 4 common sites for esophageal choke?

1.) Over the larynx

2.) Thoracic inlet

3.) Over the base of the heart

4.) Just cranial to the esophageal hiatus

In newborns, what is the largest compartment of the stomach needed for milk digestion?

abomasum

What covers the ventral sac of the rumen?

the superficial leaf of the greater omentum on the left

Where does the superficial leaf of the greater omentum originate?

left longitudinal groove

Where does the superficial leaf of the greater omentum attach?

sweeps under the rumen and ascends along the right body wall to attach to the greater curvature of the abomasum and along the descending duodenum

Where does the deep leaf of the greater omentum originate?

Right longitudinal groove

Where does the deep leaf of the greater omentum attach?

sweeps under the mass of intestines to also ascend along the right body wall and make attachment to the descending duodenum

What is the space in which the intestines reside in due to the deep leaf forming a sling around both the small and large intestine?

supraomental recess