SLP 100 - Chp 5: Speech Sound Disorders

what are speech sound disorders?

difficulties in phonology (use) and articulation (production)

4 causes of SSDs?

impaired phonological representations, difficulty perceiving sounds, structural abnormalities, motor speech disorders

how many phonemes in English?

~43

Are phonemes and letters the same?

no

what are phonotactic rules?

rules for acceptable sound sequences and positions

what are the two main phoneme types?

vowels and consonants

how are vowels produced?

open vocal tract; tongue/lip position and tension matter

how are consonants produced?

constriction in vocal tract

what are the 3 ways consonants are classified?

place, manner, voicing

what are cognate pairs?

some place and manner, differ in voicing

how are vowels described?

tongue front/center/back; high/mid/low; tense/lax; lip rounded/retracted

what is a diphthong?

two vowels said close together

what are the first sounds in infancy?

non-crying, vowel-like, with phonation

what speech sound acquisition is reached by 2 months?

cooing

what speech sound acquisition is reached by 3 months?

vocalize in response

what speech sound acquisition is reached by 4-6 months?

imitate pitch/tone; babbling begins

what speech sound acquisition is reached by 6-7 months?

reduplicated babbling (CV strings)

what speech sound acquisition is reached by 8-12 months?

imitate own sounds, expand repertoire

what speech sound acquisition is reached by the end of 1st year?

recognize and use recurring sound patterns, experiment with jargon

first word age?

~12 months

what are 4 toddler phonological strategies?

omit final consonants, reduce multisyllable, shorten blends, substitute sounds

What happens to phonological patterns by age 4?

mostly gone

what happens to consonant blends during preschool?

continue developing into elementary years

sound mastery in preschool?

gradual, word vs connected speech differs

What age are vowels mastered by?

age 3

what age are most consonants acquired by?

age 5

what age are consonant clusters acquired by?

age 7-8

what are easier early sounds?

stops, nasals, glides

what are later sounds?

fricatives, affricates, liquids

school-age phonology

adult-like by early elementary; clusters by age 8

what are phonological impairments?

rule/conceptualization disorders

what are articulation impairments?

motor-based production errors

what are the 4 typical articulation errors?

substitutions, omissions, distortions, additions

what are the 3 subtypes risk factors of SSDs?

family history, frequent ear infections, personality factors

what do subgroups show?

distortions of later-developing sounds, persistent SSDs

what are the lifespan issues of SSDs?

75% normalize by age 6, most by 8, some residual errors (/r, s, z, l/)

which sex has more SSD risk?

male

why do males have higher SSD risk?

slow maturation in attention/planning, brain differences

what is the difference in girls vs boys acquisition?

girls earlier until ~age 6

what are the 6 impacts hearing loss?

affects monitoring, phonology, voice, pitch, rate, rhythm

what are common omission patterns?

final consonant deletion, initial consonant deletion, delete /s/

what are lifespan issues for people with hearing loss?

deaf from birth —> more sever deficits, hearing loss later —> deterioration over time

what is the major cause for structural abnormalities?

cleft palate/lip

what are the 3 lifespan issues of structural abnormalities?

feeding, breathing, speech struggles (fricatives/affricates hardest)

what is dysarthria?

motor speech disorder from neuromuscular deficits

In cerebral palsy, what % of children exhibit dysarthria?

~90%

what are the lifespan issues of dysarthria?

present from childhood, may worsen with age

what is childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)?

neurological SSD —> impaired speech motor planning/programming

what are CAS speech traits?

inconsistent errors, disrupted transitions, abnormal prosody, groping behaviors

what are lifespan issues of CAS?

diagnosable by age 3, severe cases nonverbal early, difficulties with literacy/spelling may persist

disorder vs difference?

disorder = true impairment, difference =dialect/accent

how to evaluate language and dialectal variation?

case history, culturally sensitive tools, dynamic assessment, describe phonological patterns

what are lifespan issues of language & dialectal variation?

L1 patterns hard to eliminate in adolescence/adulthood, goal=intelligibility

what should case history include?

early comm, medical, social, educational history, language exposure

define intelligibility

ease of understanding speech

by what age should children be 100% intelligible?

5 years

what is stimulability?

ability to produce sound with cues

why are phonological patterns important?

normal early, but persistence indicates disorder

why consider worldview of family?

ensures treatment is meaningful/relevant