Nixtamalization
A process for the preparation of corn, or other grain, in which the grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater, washed, and then hulled. ______ corn has several benefits over unprocessed grain: It is more easily ground, its nutritional value is increased, flavor and aroma are improved, and mycotoxins are reduced by up to 97%–100%
Khipu
Recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures in the region of Andean South America. It is usually consisted of cotton or camelid fiber strings
Olmec
Mesoamerican tribe in the gulf of Mexico, had rubber trees to have a ball game, Large Stone Heads
Hokoham
A Cliff Dwelling Native American tribe in Southwest America that had a trade network and an irrigation system
Hopewell
A Native American Tribe of Mound builders that lived from 550-750
Mississippian
A Native American Tripe of Mound builders that lived from 700-1751. Once the chief died, he, his wife, and his servants would be buried in a mound with them
Moche
Andean Civilization that lasted from 200 BCE to 600 BCE. They are particularly noted for their elaborately painted ceramics, GOLD WORK, monumental constructions (huacas), and irrigation systems
Mesoamerica
Area between South America and North America containing the Olmec and Zapotec tribes
Inca
Dominant force in the region and area around Peru with an organized government and had good infrastructure. The _____ were separated into 4 states with good militaries. The state owned everything in _____ civilization and the empire ran on multiple groups and families of people called Ayliu
Cuzco
The Capital city of the Incan people
Pachacuti
Emperor of the Inca
Ayllu
An incan family/community
Mita
The Incan people owed the government a set amount of time to work
Atahualpa
Incan king who fought his brother for leadership
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador who invaded and conquered most of Peru including the Incan
Maya
A tribe that had individual city-states with priests and kings. They had a complex writing system, Smoked Chocolate tobacco, Held blood sacrifices
Popol Vuh
It showcases the origins and history of the universe through Mayan storytelling and displays the importance of modern Central American and Latino culture in order to prevent erasure of the great Mayan civilization's influence and consciousness
Teotihuacan
Capital of the Aztec civilization massive temples, now Mexico City
Toltecs
They were noted as builders and craftsmen and have been credited with the creation of fine metalwork, monumental porticoes, serpent columns, gigantic statues, carved human and animal standard-bearers, and peculiar reclining Chacmool figures. The Aztecs were originally mercenaries for them.
Aztecs
A tribe that has great military power and practices massive amounts of sacrifice and bloodletting. They were mercenaries before they started their own civilization and they were able to become very powerful but ultimately the amount of sacrifice and European explorers ended their reign
Tenochtitlan
A city of great wealth, obtained through the spoils of tribute from conquered region
Triple Alliance
Alliance between the Aztecs
Quetzacoatl
Feathered serpent god of the Aztecs, Very fearsome
Huitzilopochtli
The Aztecs’ main god, who was the god of war and of the sun, they sacrificed to him so he could make the sun rise the next day
Montezuma II
Last king of the Aztecs, made contact with the Europeans and was ultimately taken captive and the Aztecs fell
Hernan Cortez
European who went on an expedition and found the Aztecs, he used the Aztecs for a while until he took over and pushed the Aztecs out. Took most of Mexico and claimed it as Spain’s land
Caravel
Small ship with a small crew that was easy to produce and had a lot of storage. Uses the lateen sail to sail to America
Ptolemy’s Geography
The first Eurasia and Africa map
Magnetic compass
Allowed for people to know the direction they were going
Astrolabe
Sailors and explorers could plot the general longitude and latitude of where they were based off planets and stars
Mercantilism
The thought that there was a set amount of wealth in the world and there are winners and losers in life, countries wanted more exports than imports
Portuguese expansion
One of the first countries to expand west, established Brazil
Henry “The Navigator” of Portugal
The first European to find Brazil and colonized it and farmed it for its good climate
Christopher Columbus
First European to discover the Americas, wanted to farm the land and use the natives as labor slaves for the farming
Taino
Native people that Columbus met when he arrived in the Americas. Columbus describes the natives as gentle people who would trade for anything that they could get
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement that split up American lands between European countries, Portugal and Spain
Ferdinand Magellan
First person to sail around the world, possibly found gold but ended up dying in the Philippines, part of his crew ended up making it
Dona Marina
Also known as La Maliche, this is a famous Nahua woman from the Mexico Gulf Coast. She acted as interpreter, advisor, and for the spanish. Her efforts greatly helped the Spanish to conquer the Aztec Empire
Viceroyalties
People who ran the Spanish land in the americas, were told to assimilate the people but most decided to take the natives as slaves. Mestizo the mixing ancestry of the Spanish and natives. Viceroyalties followed the encomienda system
Columbian Exchange
A large amount of goods were traded between the Americas and Europe which introduced new crops and other materials to each of the continents and has had a huge impact even up to this day
Triangular Trade
America gave raw material, Europe turned the materials into goods and gave them back, some goods were traded to Africa for slaves resulting in the Middle Passage
Middle Passage
Voyage in the Atlantic ocean, which was taken by slave ships from Africa to the Americas
Dutch West India Company
Biggest slave harboring company held auctions in the Carribeans and sold slaves to the highest bidders
Valladolid Debate
1550, Spanish people wanted the treatment of Native Americans to be less harsh, first instance of Spanish investigating the mistreatment of native Americans
Black Legend
Told of the bad atrocities of the Spanish said the Spanish were beyond evil, done by protestants to show that the catholics were worse than them
What is history?
The study of changes over time. This includes all aspects of the world from natural to societal. It is a subject that is constantly being updated and changed as we learn more facts and things about our past
What are the 4 Historical Thinking Skills?
Sourcing, Contextualizing, Close Reading, Corroborating
Sourcing
The process of finding new sources and exploring information about a given topic
Contextualizing
The process of giving background information to your sources to and building the context behind when, why, and where they were written
Close Reading
Going over all the information detail by detail and understanding every aspect of the text. Finding out the information the source contains
Corroborating
Comparing two or more accounts to get the most trustworthy information
Function and Purpose of the Archives
They function as a tool for historians to use to easily find and research past information. They hold the text of ancient and recent historical documents. They are a huge collection of important things from the past
The Role of Bias in Historical Work
This is generally avoided in all newer forms of research and claims about the past. However historians often read documents that will contain bias, it is their job to identify this and see the truth behind the text
Common Limitations of Sources
These are things that commonly get in the way as historians use sources to come up with their conclusions. Some simple examples of this would be lack of information, false or made up information, bias within the information, and many more
The “Art of Good Guessing”
A process that involves looking through all the sources and evidence we have and then making a reasonable assumption about what happened during a period of time we don't have documentation for