Bug Lab Exam #2

Order Ephemeroptera naiads

Mayflies

• Chewing mouthparts

• Tarsi 1-segmented; pretarsus bearing one claw

• Gills plate-like or “feathery”, dorsolaterally along abdomen

• Usually with well-developed caudal cerci, also commonly with median caudal filament

• Swim like a dolphin

Ephemeroptera (Naiad)

Name the order

Order Ephemeroptera Adults

Mayflies

• Vestigial mouthparts

• Adults usually with 2 pairs of subtriangular wings; mesothoracic wings much larger than metathoracic wings (can be reduced or lacking)

• Wings usually held upright together when not in use

• Usually with well-developed caudal cerci, also commonly with median caudal filament

• ID to family mostly based on wing venation

Ephemeroptera (adults)

Name the order

Order Odonata (naiads and adults)

Dragonflies and damselflies

• Chewing mouthparts; labium of naiads highly modified, extensible

• Adults with 2 pairs of elongate, membranous wings; flight musculature direct

• Compound eyes large, well-developed

• Includes Suborders Anisoptera (dragonflies) and Zygoptera (damselflies)

Odonata

Name the order

Suborder Anisoptera

Dragonflies

• Naiads lack tracheal gills; gas exchange assisted by heavily tracheated rectum

• Naiads swim by jet propulsion via rectal constriction

• Wing of adults extend outstretched when not in use

• Mesothoracic wings considerably narrower than metathoracic wings near base

• Wing bases broad

• *Need to sight ID both adults and naiads

Anisoptera (naiad)

Name the suborder

Anisoptera (adults)

Name the suborder

Suborder Zygoptera

damselflies

• Naiads possess leaf-like tracheal gills

• Naiads swim by fish-like undulations

• Wings of adults usually held upright over dorsum when not in use

• Mesothoracic and metathoracic wings of similar size and shape

• *Need to sight ID both adults and naiads

Zygoptera (naiad)

Name the suborder

Zygoptera (adults)

Name the suborder

Order Plecoptera

Stoneflies

• Two pairs of membranous wings; mesothoracic pair elongate and those of metathorax much wider, with pleated folds and expanded anal region

• Abdomen commonly bearing 2 well-developed cerci

• Gills (naiad) commonly consisting of tufts of papillae, associated primarily with ventral aspect of thorax and perhaps abdomen

• Tarsi 3-segmented; pretarsus being 2 claws

• *Be able to sight ID adults and naiads

Plecoptera (naiad)

Name the order

Plecoptera (adult)

Name the order

Order Embiodea

webspinners

• Males usually with 2 pairs of membranous wings; females apterous

• Tarsi 3-segmented

• First tarsomere of prothoracic legs conspicuously swollen, modified for silk production

• Cerci present

• *NO PHYSICAL SPECIMEN - photo only

Embiodea

Name the order

Order Zoraptera

• Two pairs of membranous wings, or wingless

• Compound eyes and ocelli present or not

• Legs ambulatorial; tarsi 2-segmented

• Cerci present

• *NO PHYSICAL SPECIMEN - photo only

Zoraptera

Name the order

Order Dermaptera

earwigs

• Two pairs of wings with those of mesothorax short and heavily sclerotized (elytra; singular elytron); metathoracic wings broad, semicircular, membranous and folded fan-like beneath elytra, or wingless

• Abdomen with large, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, forceps-like cerci

Dermaptera

Name the order

Order Notoptera

• Grylloblattodea (ice or rock crawlers) and Mantaphasmatodea (gladiators, heel-walkers)

• Wingless

• Compound eyes strongly reduced or absent

• Legs elongate, ambulatorial; tarsi 5-segmented

• Abdomen bearing 8- or 9- segmented cerci

Notoptera (Grylloblattodea)

Name the Order

Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea)

Name the order

Order Orthoptera

Grasshoppers, crickets

• Commonly 2 pairs of wing; mesothoracic wings somewhat leathery; metathoracic wings membranous with pleated folds, or wingless

• Antennae typically elongate, filiform

• Metathoracic legs usually saltatorial; all tarsi 3- or 4-segmented

• Auditory organs often present

• Pronotum enlarged, extends down sides of thorax, obscuring or reducing propleuron

• Includes Families Acrididae, Tettigoniidae, and Gryllidae

Orthoptera

Name the order

Family Acrididae

short-horned grasshoppers

• Antennae about ½ as long as body, shorter

• Tarsi 3-segmented

• Ovipositor short

• Auditory organs on first abdominal segment

Acrididae

name the family

Family Tettigoniidae

Katydids

• Antennae usually as long as body, or longer

• Mesothoracic tarsi 4-segmented (usually also for other tarsi)

• Ovipositor elongate; flattened and blade-like

• Auditory organs located proximally on tibiae of prothoracic legs

Tettigoniidae

name the family

Family Gryllidae

Crickets

• Antennae usually as long as body, or longer

• Tarsi 3-segmented

• Ovipositor elongate; cylindrical and needle-like

• Auditory organs located proximally on tibiae of prothoracic legs

Gryllidae

Name the family

Order Phasmatodea

Walking sticks

• 2 pairs of wings with those of mesothorax narrow, leathery; metathoracic wings broad, leathery only near anterior margin, or wingless

• Legs elongate, ambulatorial

• Body mimics vegetation: stick-like, some leaf-like (North American species wingless, stick-like)

Phasmatodea

Name the order

Order Blattodea

Cockroaches and Termites

• Commonly 2 pairs of wings; mesothoracic pair somewhat leathery, those of metathorax membranous with pleated folds; some with wings reduced; some wingless

• Body ovate, somewhat dorsoventrally flattened

• Legs cursorial with 5-segmented tarsi

• Includes Clade Isoptera

Blattodea

Name the order

Clade Isoptera

termites

• Antennae of moderate length, filiform to moniliform

• Reproductive adults with 2 pairs of elongate, similarly shaped, membranous wings, or wingless

• Compound eyes present or not

• Legs ambulatorial, usually with 3- or 4- segmented tarsi

• Generally small, soft-bodied insects

• Caste system with morphological specialization related to colonial functions

Isoptera

Name the clade

Order Mantodea

Praying mantises

• Commonly 2 pairs of wings; those of mesothorax somewhat leathery, especially near anterior margin; metathoracic wings membranous with pleated folds

• Head triangular with large compound eyes

• Prothoracic legs raptorial; all tarsi 5-segmented

Mantodea

Name the order

Order Psocodea

booklice, bark lice, true lice

Booklice and bark lice characteristics:

• Chewing mouthparts; labial silk gland

• Antennae elongate, filamentous

• Two pairs of membranous wings; forewings larger than hindwings, held roof-like, or wingless

• Commonly minute, soft-bodied insects

• Head swollen clypeal region

Lice, chewing lice, sucking lice characteristics: (Amblycera, Ichoncera, Anoplura)

• Wingless

• Compound eyes reduced or absent; ocelli lacking

• Antennae strongly reduced 

• Dorsoventrally flattened

• Biology: Ectoparasites on birds and mammals, Tarsi modified to grasp feathers/hair, Host- and body-region specific

Psocodea

Name the order

Suborder Amblycera

Chewing lice, bird lice

• Head usually broader than prothorax

• Antennae 4-segmented, capitate

• Head grooved to receive antennae

• Maxillary palpi present

• Chewing mouthparts with mandibles horizontal

• Biology: Mostly ectoparasites of birds, 2 sp. on guinea pigs

Amblycera

Name the suborder

Suborder Ischnocera

Chewing lice, bird lice

• Head usually broader than prothorax

• Antennae 3-5 segmented, filiform

• Head without antennal grooves

• Maxillary palpi absent

• Chewing mouthparts with mandibles vertical

• Biology: 2 families, 1 bird hosts, 1 placental mammals (excluding humans) hosts

Ischnocera

name the suborder

Suborder Anoplura

Sucking lice

• Head narrow, usually much narrower than width of prothorax

• Sucking mouthparts

• Biology: Ectoparasites of mammals (including humans)

Anoplura

Name the suborder

Order Hemiptera

True bugs

• Sucking mouthparts

• Compound eyes usually well-developed; ocelli present or not

• 2 pairs of wings, or wingless; rarely 1 pair of wings; wings may be reduced (brachypterous), especially in aquatic species

Hemiptera

Name the order

Suborder Sternorrhyncha

Aphids, scales, etc.

• Beak originates from posteroventral region of head

• Mesothoracic wings of same texture throughout

• Wings, when present, often held somewhat roof-like over body when not in use

• Antennae typically elongate and filiform

• Includes Superfamilies Aphidoidea and Coccoidea

Sternorryncha

Name the suborder

Superfamily Aphidoidea

Aphids

• Antennae usually elongate, filiform

• Abdomen usually bearing paired, tube-like cornicles, near the posterior end

• Body often widened posteriorly, pear-shaped

Aphidoidea

Name the superfamily

Superfamily Coccoidea

Scale insects

• Small insects (1-5mm) under wax covers, mealy wax, or shiny, pearl-like objects

• Females pear-shaped, elliptical, or circular with no wings, sometimes legs absent, no compound eyes, sometimes ocelli

• Males have typical head-thorax-abdomen, slender, resembling aphids, most have wings

Coccoidea

Name the superfamily

Suborder Auchenorryncha

‘hoppers

• Beak originates from posteroventral region of head, seemingly between coxae of prothoracic legs in many species

• Mesothoracic wings of same texture throughout (typically membranous as are those of metathorax)

• Wings usually held somewhat roof-like

• Antennae usually setaceous

• Includes Families Cicadidae, Cicadellidae, Aphrophoridae, and Membracidae

Auchenorrhyncha

Name the suborder

Family Cicadidae

Cicadas

• Antennae short, setaceous

• Prothoracic femora greatly enlarged relative to other legs

• Large insects, usually 1-2 inches long

Cicadidae

Name the family

Family Cicadellidae

Leafhoppers

• Antennae short, setaceous

• Prothoracic femora not enlarged

• One or more rows of small, slender spines along metathoracic tibiae

Cicadellidae

Name the family

Family Aphrophoridae

Spittlebugs, froghoppers

• Antennae short, setaceous

• Prothoracic femora not elongated

• Metathoracic tibia bearing a few stout spines along their length and a prominent crown or circlet of spines at the apex

Aphrophoridae

Name the family

Family Membracidae

Treehoppers, thorn bugs

• Antennae short, setaceous

• Prothoracic femora not elongated

• Pronotum enlarged, often ornate, used for camouflage or mimicry

Membracidae

Name the family

Suborder Heteroptera

true bugs, bugs

• Beak originated from anteroventral region of head

  • Short, stout, 3 segments = predator

  • Elongate, 3 segments = phytophagous

• Mesothoracic wings with basal portion leathery and distal region membranous (referred to as hemelytra)

• Wings typically overlapping and folded flat over dorsum when not in use

• Antennae usually elongate, filiform (terrestrial), or short and concealed (aquatic)

• Includes Families Corixidae, Notonectidae, Belostomatidae, Nepidae, Gerridae, Miridae, Reduviidae, Coreidae, Pentatomidae, and Superfamily Lygaeoidea

Heteroptera

Name the suborder

Family Corixidae

Water boatmen

• Antennae short, usually concealed along ventral surface of head

• Prothoracic tarsi oar- or scoop- like, lacking terminal claw, metathoracic tarsi also lack claws

• Beak broad, unsegmented

Corixidae

Name the family

Family Notonectidae

Backswimmers

• Antennae short, usually concealed in grooves of head

• Metathoracic tarsi lacking claws, prothoracic tarsi with terminal claws

• Beak short, stout; well-developed

• Dorsal convex - dorsal keel

Notonectidae

Name the family

Family Belostomatidae

Giant water bugs

• Prothoracic legs conspicuously raptorial

• Mesothoracic and metathoracic legs natatorial, with fringes of setae

• Body elongate, oval, somewhat flattened

• Shorter, retractable breathing tubes

Belostomatidae

Name the family

Family Nepidae

Water scorpions

• Raptorial forelegs

• Caudal siphon long, not retractable

Nepidae

Name the family

Family Gerridae

Water striders

• Antennae usually longer than head, exposed

• Preapical tarsal claws

• Slender, elongate body and legs

Gerridae

Name the family

Family Miridae

Plant bugs, mirids

• Basal portion of hemelytron possessing a cuneus

• Membrane of hemelytra normally with 1-2 closed basal cells

Miridae

Name the family

Superfamily Lygaeoidea

Seed bugs

• Beak 4-segmented

• Prothoracic legs often somewhat raptorial

• Membrane of hemelytra containing 4-6 longitudinal veins

Lygaeoidea

Name the superfamily

Family Reduviidae

Assassin bugs

• Head narrower than prothorax

• Curved beak (rostrum) that folds into prosternum

• Beak 3-segmented

Reduviidae

Name the family

Family Coreidae

Leaf-footed bugs

• Membrane of hemelytra possessing numerous veins

• Head much narrower than pronotum

• Tibiae of metathoracic legs sometimes dilated and “leaf-like”

Coreidae

Name the family

Family Pentatomidae

Stink bugs

• Antennae 5-segmented

• Scutellum very large and conspicuous

Pentatomidae

Name the family

Order Thysanoptera

thrips (singular/plural)

• Diagnostic Characteristics:

  • Eyes prominent, raspberry-like

  • Asymmetrical, rasping-sucking mouthparts; left mandible present, right usually lacking

  • Two pairs of long, stalk-like wings fringed with long setae, or wingless

  • Minute in size, usually 3mm or less

Order Thysanoptera

Name the Order

Clade (Superorder) Endopterygota

=holometabola

• Diagnostic characteristics:

  • Larvae rarely resemble adults either in body form or ecological specilization

  • In general, larvae specialized for reproduction

  • Larvae and adults bridged by pupal stage = holometabolous

• Includes Orders:

  • Coleoptera (beetles)

  • Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps)

  • Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)

  • Diptera (flies)

  • Trichoptera (caddisflies)

  • Megaloptera (alderflies)

  • Neuroptera (lacewings)

  • Mecoptera (scorpionflies)

  • Siphonaptera (fleas)

  • Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

  • Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)

Order Megaloptera

Common names: fishflies, dobsonflies, alderflies, hellgrammites

• Diagnostic Characteristics:

  • Antennae commonly elongate, filiform (adults) or short, filiform (larvae)

  • 2 pairs of membranous wings with numerous veins and cross veins; enlarged anal region; wings usually held somewhat roof-like over body

  • Larvae with fleshy, paired, lateral abdominal appendages; digestive system complete

Order Megaloptera

Name the Order

Order Raphidioptera

Snakeflies

• Diagnostic characteristics:

  • Adults with elongate cylindrical prothorax; legs ambulatorial

  • Antennae moderately elongate, filiform (adults) or short, filiform (larvae)

  • 2 pairs of membranous wings with numerous veins and cross veins, pterostigma present; wings held somewhat roof-like over body when not in use

Order Raphidioptera

Name the Order

Order Neuroptera

Antlions, licewings, etc.

• Diagnostic characteristics:

  • Antennae of adults moderately to very long, commonly filiform or clubbed; antennae of larvae short, filiform

  • 2 pairs of membranous wings with numerous veins and cross veins; wings held roof-like over body when not in use

Order Neuroptera

Name the Order

Order Coleoptera

Beetles

• Diagnostic Characteristics:

  • Antennae highly variable; normally short, 3-segmented in larvae

  • Usually 2 pairs of wings; mesothoracic pair (elytra; singular, elytron) somewhat to very hardened, typically meeting to form a straight line down center of abdomen; metathoracic wings (=flight wings) membranous, folded beneath elytra when not in use

Order Coleoptera

Name the Order

Adephaga vs. Polyphaga

2 suborders of Coleoptera

• Adephaga: 1st abdominal segment divided by hind coxae

  • Cicindelidae

  • Carabidae

  • Dytiscidae

  • Gyrinidae

• Polyphaga: posterior margin of 1st ab segment extends completely across abdomen

  • everything else