Module 7

Target cells

Only cells that a hormone can affect because of their receptors

Endocrine glands

Tissues or organs that secretes hormones to surrounding body fluid that is then carried to target cells by blood

Hypothalamus (Location)

Anterior and inferior to the thalamus.

4 types of chemical signals

Paracrine signaling, Autocrine signaling, Neurotransmitters, Endocrine signaling

Anterior Pituitary Gland

adenohypophysis and endocrine gland

Homeostasis

-Regulates grow and development use of calories and nutrients(metabolism/and as your production), waste secretion

-maintain blood pressure and OSMOLARITY(fluid and ions balance), fertility, sex drive, lactation, and sleep

3 types of hormones

Steroid, protein, amine

Steroid hormone

Lipophilic (Diffused through membranes casually), cortisol, and estrogen; lipid soluble and derived from cholesterol

Endocrine Nuerons

Body in hypothalamus, axons in infundibulum, axon terminals in posterior pituitary gland

Functions of the hypothalamus

Release hormones by negative feedback loop from endocrine system; controls the secretion and synthesis of hormones in the anterior pituitary gland

Amine hormones

Tryptophan (melatonin) and Tyrosine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Fight or flight response; amino acids

Regulation of hormone secretion

Feedback loops (negative and positive); hormones effect homeostasis

Diencephalon Commander Center

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex

Paracrine signaling

Chemical released by one cell and induces a response from a neighboring cell

Autocrine signaling

Made by the cell that releases the signal to trigger changes

Neurotransmitters

Chemical released by neurons to communicate with local cells, muscle cells, gland cells, or neurons

Endocrine signaling

Chemical signals released into the bloodstream that induce responses in specific target cells

Endocrine system

Cells, tissues, or organs of the body secreting hormones into the fluid as a primary and secondary functions

Hormone receptor

Protein inside a cell or cell membrane that binds specific hormones and starts a cellular response

Second messenger

Molecule inside a cell; response to a hormone binding to a receptor and subsequent activation to a G protein

First Messenger

Substance binding cell surface receptor that triggers activity via second messenger

cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate)

Common second messenger molecule in the cells; triggers a phosphorylation cascade

Endocrine VS Nervous System

Similar both coordinate body activities and maintain homeostasis; difference nervous uses electrical (faster and short term effects) and endocrine uses hormones (slower and widespread issues

Hormone

A chemical messenger secreted into blood to affect target cells

Endocrine gland

A gland that secretes substances via ducts to an epithelial surface

Name the primary endocrine glands

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas (islets), gonads (ovaries and testes), and thymus

Protein hormone

Water soluble chains of amino acids (insulin)

Feedback loops

Most hormone suses negative feedback loop except oxytocin uses positive feedback; production, and degradation

Link between nervous and endocrine

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

neurohypophysis; hormone storage and release; oxytocin; low is diabetes insipidus

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

RH secrete and IH inhibit

Anterior pituitary gland

Adenohypophysis; connected to hypothalamus through the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

Growth hormone (GH)

Go to muscles and bones; low = dwarfism; high = gigantism

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)

Go to adrenal cortex; low = weight, loss, anorexia, muscle weakness, nausea, hypotension and vomiting

Luteinizing hormone

Go to gonads; low = no development of sexual characteristics; infertility

Prolactin lactogenic hormone

Go to mammary gland; low = after pregnancy no milk

Follicles stimulating hormone (FSH)

Go to gonads; rapid weight loss, and no eggs

Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH)

Low= enlarged neck; high = fatigue, numbness, weight gain

Thyroid gland

Requires iodine; T3 andT4 = body temperature; Hashimoto disease; calcitonin hormone (low CA++ blood)

Hashimoto disease

Autoimmune system attacks

Calcitonin hormone

Lower CA++ blood; muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission and blood clotting

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcium is released into blood; hyperparathyroidism = decrease bone density; hypoparathyroidism = muscle twitching and spasms

Mineralocorticoid hormone

Adrenal gland (cortex); regulates blood NA+ reabsorption/ K + excretion

glucocorticoids hormones

Adrenal gland (cortex); Cortisol = steroid stress hormones

Pancreas - 4 types of cells

Alpha, beta, delta, PP cells

Alpha cells

Glucagon; converted in sugar and release in bloodstream

Beta cells

Insulin= sugar enter his body cells= energy

Delta cells

Somatostatin = and have it release of GH, glucagon, and insulin

Pineal gland

Melatonin and serotonin

Testes

Lutenizing (LH) from pituitary; Testosterone

Ovaries

Estrogen and progesterone

Nervous system

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic division (arousing) and parasympathetic division (calming)

Somatic nervous system

Sensory and motor