bio-201 exam 1 study

What direction do solutes travel through the plasma membrane during passive diffusion?

from areas of high to low concentration

There is 30% phosphorus outside the cell and 10% inside. As phosphorus ions move out of the cell, they are performing:

active transport

Which of these statements about lipids is false?

cholesterol is an example for an eicosnoid, most of our cholesterol comes from our diet

If you have a cell with 1 M concentration of NaCl and you place it into a 0.1 M NaCl solution; the solution is _____ and the cell will _____ once placed into the solution

hypotonic; swells

Which tissue type flattens from cuboidal to squamous when stretched?

transitional epithelium

are all of the following are examples of connective tissue?

hyaline cartilage

dense irregular tissue

cancellous tissue

blood

all are connective

The sodium/potassium pump maintains a _______ concentration of_______ ions ____ the cell.

higher, Na+, outside

Cell A has a NaCl concentration of 0.1 M, while cell B has a NaCl concentration of 1M. Which direction will water move through a semipermeable membrane between the two cells?

from A to B

Which of the following is an example of conjugated carbohydrate?

glycoprotein

Which of the following statements is true?

proteins function as channels or gates in a membrane, proteins can act as catalysts

Which sequence is arranged correctly in respect to the structural hierarchy of the body (from complex to simple)

organism, system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, macromolecule, molecule, atom

Homeostasis maintains a ______ that is ________

stable condition, not static

in order to increase the rate of diffusion you can

increase surface area, increase concentration gradient (increase steepness)

In a second-messenger system, once a substrate is bound to a cell receptor that cell receptor activates:

G protein

Which of the following categories of carbon compounds are hydrophobic?

lipids

Metabolic reactions depend on solvency of?

water

A solution with a pH of 9 will have ______ less H+ concentrations of a solution with a pH of 4.

100,000

Sally gets hit in the face with a basketball. She begins to cry. Which gland is responsible for the release of tears by exocytosis?

merocrine

_______ connects muscles to bone, while _____ connects bone to bone.

tendons; ligaments

True or False: the esophagus is protected from abrasion by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

false- non keratinized

A woman's production of milk while breastfeeding her child is an example of?

positive feedback

Shivering in cold conditions allows your vessels to undergo______ while in hot conditions one sweats by your vessels undergoing ________

vasoconstriction; vasodilate

what type of protein in the blood contributes to cardiovascular disease?

LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)

Which of the following people revolutionized the teachings of gross anatomy?

vesalius

What type of blood is an attraction between anions and cations?

ionic bond

The histological section that divides a specimen perpendicular to the length of an organ is?

cross section

If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will?

lyse- burst/swell

In the fluid mosaic model, these molecules make up the bilayer found in the cell membrane

phospolipids

This membrane protein, made of glycoproteins and glycolipids, allow cells to identify one another or other molecules

marker molecules

These channel proteins are always open and are responsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions

nongated ion channels

Receptors linked to G protein complexes can stimulate a cell response in this manner

by opening ion channels, by activating ions, by means of intracellular chemical signals

this genetic disorder causes failure of chloride ion channels and results in cells producing a thick secretion which profoundly affects the lungs making breathing difficult

cystic fibrosis

movement of a solution across a plasma membrane because of a pressure gradient is called

filtration

a red blood cell is placed into an unknown solution. Later, the cells appear to be swollen and some have burst. This solution is

hypotonic

These substances may diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

carbon dioxide and oxygen

The sodium potassium pump performs this function

uses ATP, moves sodium ions out of the cell, moves potassium ions into the cell

T/F: Phagocytosis requires ATP, does not exhibit saturation and transports liquid substances across the cell membrane

False

This organelle produces large amounts of ATP

mitochondria

Ribosomal subunits are produced by this round cell structure found within the nucleus

nucleolus

The golgi apparatus produces vesicles which contain proteins that can

be secreted by exocytosis, become part of the plasma membrane, be enzymes that are used within the cell

T/F: Enzymes found inside lysosomes digest phagocytized bacteria, nonfunctional organelles, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids

True

Cells that synthesize large amount of lipids would have this

large amount of smooth ER

In the process of transcription, mRNA is copied from this

DNA

This can be said of translation

it requires tRNA and ribosomes, a codon specifies for one amino acids, proteins are synthesized

This sequence of nucleotides is the anticodon for AUG (methionine)

UAC

During DNA replication, this enzyme adds new nucleotides to the existing template

DNA polymerase

This event is not a result of mitosis

2 haploid cells are formed

Two or more genes that occupy the same locus on a chromosome are called this:

allele

this genotype is homozygous dominant

AA

This is an example of codominance in which all 3 alleles are expressed at the same time:

ABO blood groups

This disorder is caused by having an extra chromosome #21 and results in mental retardation, short stature and a shortened life span

Down syndrome

This can be said of the x-linked trait hemophilia

it a make has the recessive allele, he will be a hemophiliac. a female must have 2 recessive alleles in order to be a hemophiliac

Brown eyes are inherited as a dominant trait. These are the chances for two brown eyed parents to have a blue eyed child

25%

These subatomic particles account for most of the mass of an atom

protons and neutrons

this best describes the atomic number

the number of protons, electrons, and is unique for each element

Na+ (sodium ion) is a cation because of

it is positively charged

These substances are important for their chemical reactivity, effect on osmosis and electrical effects

electrolytes

This kind of bonding, though quite weak, causes large molecules to fold into three dimensional shape

hydrogen bond

This kind of reaction occurs when a large molecule, such as starch, is broken into smaller ones, such as glucose

decomposition

The minimal energy needed to start a chemical reaction is know as

activation energy

The energy released by the breakdown of this molecule is used by cells for muscle contraction

adenosine triphosphate

substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by that reaction are this

catalysts

substances that accept H+ are known as this

bases

these substances completely dissociate into water and release all of their H+:

strong acid

Oven cleaner; which has a pH of 14, is _______ and contains ________ OH- than a neutral solution

basic, more

The function of a buffer is to do this:

maintain a steady pH

This occurs when an excess of H+ are added to a solution

pH decreases, acidity increases

In humans, this polysaccharide is used for energy storage

glycogen

this is not an example of a sterioid

triglycerides

This structure of a protein comes from the further bending and folding of pleated sheets and helices

tertiary

DNA contains the complementary base pairs: cytosine-guanine; adenine-uracil

false

The following statement can be said about enzymes

lowers activation energy of reactions, regulates chemical activities in the body, 3D shape is essential for normal functions

The proteins found in the blood are this

colloid

T/F: Water dissolves a broad range of substances, is cohesive because of hydrogen bonding and provides lubricator to membranes in the body

true

This occurs when the cations and anions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of water molecules

dissociation

A nonpolar covalent bond occurs when this happens:

atoms attract electrons equally

This polysaccharide provides human with dietary fibers or bulk

cellulose

sodium chloride (NaCl) is held together by this kind of bonding

ionic

These are properties of epithelium

covers body surfaces and line cavities, its basement membrane anchors it to deeper tissues

This tissue only has one layer of cells

simple epithelium

These cells function to filter and to allow substances to diffuse through them

squamous cells

This tissue, which makes up the skin, serves as a barrier to infection, protection against abrasion and water loss

stratified squamous epithelium

This structure bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane

hemidesmosomes

T/F: the distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is that it consists of cells separated by abundant extracellular matrix

true

These specialized cells, which found in many connective tissue types, contain large amounts of lipid

adipocyte

This component of ground substance is a polysaccharide chain and is a good lubricant for joint cavities

hyaluronic acid

This kind of connective tissue consists of parallel bundles of collagen fibers which resist stretching and provide considerable strength

dense regular collagenous

this tissue is found in the external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tubes

elastic cartilage

this kind of muscle tissue is under involuntary control

smooth and cardiac

this tissue has striated cells that are long and multinucleated

skeletal

these nerve cell processes receive stimuli that lead to electrical changes

dendrites

this kind of neuron has one single dendrite and one axon

bipolar

these specialized cells support the nervous system by nourishing, protecting and insulating the neurons

neuroglia

this major tissue types forms a gland

epithelium

these glands, which have no ducts, secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

endocrine

sebaceous glands are an example of this kind of gland in which the entire cell becomes part of its secretion

holocrine