History of Psychology - Exam 3

Who were Kenneth and Clark?

Brown vs. Board of Education; Used dolls in an experiment.

What was William James troubled by?

Determinism.

What was the idea about freewill?

You have the freedom to leave but the freewill to believe what you want to believe.

Who was first to believe in freewill?

William James.

What are the characteristics of consciousness?

It’s continuous, always changing, private and useful.

What’s the central idea behind pragmatic idea of truth?

If it’s useful, it’s true.

What does ontogeny repopulates phylogeny mean?

The idea that the development of an individual in some way mimic the species.

Who made use of “ontogeny repopulate phylogeny” in psychology?

G. Stanley Hall

What other field did Hall apply his study to?

Developmental Psychology (Life Span Developmental Psychology)

What was the central idea behind Jame Lang’s theory of emotions?

Bodily reactions comes before the emotions.

What are Thomas Upham’s three categories of mind?

Intellect, Sensibility, and Wealth (or synonyms i.e Intellect, Affection, and Conation)

What is the variability hypothesis?

Men are going to be more variable in intelligence than women.

What idea was the variability hypothesis used to support?

The idea that women were intellectually inferior.

Why was William James in trouble?

He studied parapsychology (telepathy; studying religious experience)

What was the overlap between Hall and Freud?

Development and Sexuality.

What school of psych was Titchener?

Structuralism.

What did structuralism prioritize?

Anatomy (thought that it was more important)

What was Titchener introspective habit?

He would wake up early to train the subjects.

What was the problem with Titchener’s training?

It created bias in the subjects; artifacts of training.

What were Titchener’s elements of mind?

Sensations and Feelings.

Why did Titchener clash with American psychology?

Because he was a structuralist while America cared for functionalism.

Who started the functional school of psychology?

John Dewy

What biological concept did Dewy study?

The Reflex Art.

What was Harvey Carr’s “kerplunck” study for?

Showed muscle memory.

What development in psychology was credited to Cattell?

Mental (intelligence) testing.

What type of tests were early intelligence testing?

Reaction time and sensory abilities.

What was Thorndike’s law of effect?

The idea that if you do something and it causes satisfaction, you would be more likely to do it again.

What type of psychologist was Thorndike?

He was a transitional figure between functionalism and behaviorism.

What were Woodworth’s contribution to psychology?

Defined what is an “experiment”

Gave us the S-O-R formulation

Dynamic psychology

What does “experiment” mean?

There would be some kind of manipulation taking place (independent variable)

What are drill courses?

Students would take turns being both the students and researchers and replicating experiments that have already been done.

What did Baldwin do to challenge Titchener?

He found that the reaction times were only better in Titcherner’s subjects (aka trained observers)

What were Ebbinghouse’s contributions?

Sentence completion test.

What were Binet’s contributions?

Created the first useful intelligence test.

Why did Binet create his intelligence test?

He was trying to identify a specific group of students who were subnormal but could benefit from an education.

Who pioneered the idea that feeble mindedness was inherited? What book was written about it?

Goddard. Kallikak.

What group of feeble mindedness people was Goddard the most worried about and why?

Morons since they appear normal and are sexually promiscuous.

Who took Goddard’s IQ test and Americanized it?

Lewis.

What’s the IQ if a person had a mental age of 5 and a chronological age of 10?

50 (MA/CA * 100) 

What did Goddard’s rest report of immigrants?

There was a high amount of feeble mindedness and that scores were lower in American born natives.

What act did Congress pass and what did it do?

The National Origins Act and it placed a limit on how many people can enter from certain countries.

What was believed to have determined a person’s intelligence?

Genetics.

Who was the primary opposer to the idea that genetics determined intelligence?

Walter Lippman; Argued that IQ was more influenced by environment than genetics.

Why was Lippman so opposed to the idea that genetic determined intelligence?

He thought that it would be a threat to democracy – he called it a testocracy, in which testers would have the most power.

Who was associated with I/O psychology? And what was he trying to do?

Hugo Munsterberg. Help employers pick the best employee.

What did Munsterberg criticize?

He criticized eye-witness testimony.

What researcher did Binet work with before his own thing?

Chatcho.

What did Binet do that tarnished his career?

Used magnets to “move” hysterical symptoms.

What was Dill Scott’s area of psychology? What did he discovered?

I/O Psychology - advertisement. He discovered the serial order effect. 

What was the core of Gestalt psychology?

Emergentism and Holism (the whole is dependent on the parts, but not fully; the whole can cause downward causation and is autonomous in some sense)

Where did space form and time form come from?

Mach

What is the difference between Phi phenomenon and Beta phenomenon?

Phi is “objectless” even though both are objects of illusions.

What are Wertheimer principle of organization?

Laws of Simplicity; Similarity, Proximity; Continuity; Closure; Stimulus elements who change smoothly in one direction.

What happens if you block goals directed behaviors?

It causes frustration.

What did Kohler give us?

He discovered relational learning in chickens; insight learning in monkeys.

What did Koffka give us?

Behavioral environment is environment as it is perceived.

Kert Lewin

Life Space; Principle of Contemporaneity.

What was cognitive according to Gestalt psychologist?

Differentiation - as the mind develops there’s more structure to the environment and there’s more structure.

What are the three groups of leadership?

Democratic/Authoritarian/Laissez Faire

Problem with Laissez Faire?

It was an unstructured field.

Biggest problem with emergentism?

Cause of a problem of physics; when you combine parts to create a whole, new features come into existence that wasn’t there before.