Hematology and Immunology Overview

Packed cell volume

Hematocrit

Plasma protein function

Clotting, transport, non specific blinding to poorly dissoluble substances

Hemoglobin

4 polypeptide and heme group

Hemoglobin molecules

Each rbc carries more 250 million

Rbcs meet their doom

At the spleen, due to small capillaries

Erythropoietin

Protein that creates rbc

Anemia

Low hematocrit

Secondary polycythemia

Appropriate adaptive mechanism

Pernicious anemia

Which type of anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Anemia due to rupture of red blood cells - malaria or sickle cell

Universal recipient

AB

Maturation of monocytes

Macrophages

Two types of lymphocytes

B and T

Erythropoietin production

Produced by kidney

Hemostasis

Stopping of blood

Hemostasis process

Vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation

Endothelium exposure

Collagen and von willebrand factor bind - clotting

Plasma protein activation

When activated -> prothrombin -> thrombin

Clotting cascade

Series of sequential reaction that occurs that thrombin catalysts fibrinogen to fibrin

Haegman factor

First factor that initiates process, and stimulates clot dissolution by creating plasmin

Factor 8

Lose factor 8 means Hemophilia

Thrombin

Final step of fibrinogen to fibrin to stabilize mesh

Plasmin

Dissolves the clot

Loss of factor 8

Leads to 80 percent of hemophilia

Virulence

Disease producing power of pathogen

Phagocytic specialists

Neutrophils and macrophages (monocytes turn into macro after leaving blood vessel)

Nonspecific immunity

Innate

Margination

Emigration of leukocytes -> sticking to blood vessel wall

Cytocrines

Chemical acts as paracrine which influences margination

Diapedisis

WBC leaving cell

Opsonins

Chemicals bind to bacteria nonspecifically -> bind to phagocyte specifically

Pus

Combination of dead cells, alive cells and necrosis tissue

Vasodilation

Histamine

Histamine source

Released from mast cells

Mast cells

Tissue bound cousins of basophils

Interferons

Virus infected cells release to warn other cells nearby

Killer cells

NK and cytotoxic T cells

MAC

Compliment system creates donut shape complex called Membrane attack complex

Natural killer cells

These killer cells attack on first exposure

Chemotaxis purpose

Binds phagocyte to the site (beacon)

IgM

Antibody important in early response

B cell receptor binding

When a bcell receptor binds to an antigen - what two cells do we get - plasma and memory

Antibody functions

Two ways antibodies can physically hinder antigen - neutralization and agglutination

Antibodies produced in utero

100 million

Types of T cells

Cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory

Cytotoxic T cells action

Have direct release of perforin

Cytotoxic T cells indirect death

By release of granzymes

Regulatory T cells

Which cells offer check and balance for innate and adaptive immunity

Antigen presenting cells

Dr Walker's Y

Location of antigen presenting cells

Located in our skin, lungs, and digestive tract

Self-antigen

True name of self-antigen - major histo compatibility complex - mhc

MHC coding

Approximately how much mhc codes for one person - 3-6

Hypersensitivity

Allergy

Delayed hypersensitivity

1-3 days to two days

Defensins

Antimicrobial peptides found on all epithelial surfaces

Alveolar macrophages

Last defense of immunity in the alveoli

Average blood volume for man

5.5 liters

Most common antigen

Exogenous

Largest portion of blood

Plasma

Most important mineral in clotting cascade

Calcium

Activated platelets

Attract more platelets through ADP

Platelet plug formation

Normal endothelium releases nitric oxide

Functions of immune system

There are 4 main function of immune system - fight pathogens, immune surveillance killing cancer cells, remove worn out cells/damaged tissue, antibodies

Vaccines

Artificial way to teach body about viruses