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Ward/City Bosses
Local politicians who built loyalty among working-class voters through personal connection
Patronage
The practice of providing favors and jobs in exchange for votes
Progressive Movement
Reform movement seeking more democratic government, competitive business, and a more just society
Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive president (1901-1909) who used federal power to regulate business and protect consumers
Bully Pulpit
Roosevelt's use of the presidency to influence media and public opinion
Square Deal
Roosevelt's platform: Control of Business, Consumer Protection, and Conservation
Taft's Failures
Did not lower tariffs enough and was seen as insufficient on environmental issues
Election of 1912
Split between Republicans, Bull Moose Party, and Socialists; Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) won
Woodrow Wilson
Progressive president (1913-1921) who lowered tariffs, broke up trusts, and promoted the New Freedom
New Freedom
Wilson's platform promoting free enterprise, individualism, and states' rights while regulating big business
16th Amendment (1913)
Established the federal income tax
17th Amendment (1913)
Established the direct election of US senators by popular vote
19th Amendment (1920)
Granted women the right to vote
Federal Reserve System
Established during the Progressive Era to regulate the nation's banking and monetary policy
Initiative
Power given to citizens to place proposed laws on a ballot
Referendum
Citizens can approve or reject a law passed by the legislature
Recall
Citizens can remove public officials from office through a vote
Civil Service Reform
Merit-based employment for government positions, reducing patronage
Pre Food and Drug Act (1906)
Established health code regulations and inspections of food and healthcare industries
Failures of Progressivism
Failed African Americans, supported eugenics and scientific racism, infringed on individual liberties
18th Amendment
Prohibition; seen as an overreach that infringed on individual freedoms
Buck v. Bell
Supreme Court case that upheld involuntary sterilization, reflecting Progressive-era eugenics