APUSH Unit 6 Test

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“Bloody Shirt”

Using Civil War memories to recieve votes

Grant Administration Scandals

Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring

Credit Mobilier

* Railroad insiders hired themselves at inflated prices


* VP of US accepted payments

Whiskey Ring

* Stole excise-tax revenues from Treasury department
* Grant’s private secretary was involved

Boss Tweed

* Tammany Hall, stole over $200 million
* Thomas Nast helped contribute to his capture

Causes of Panic of 1873

* Overproduction of RR’s, mines, factories, etc.
* Bankers made too many risky loans

Effects of Panic of 1873

* Debate over hard currency vs. greenbacks
* Debtors wanted greenbacks
* Paper $, inflation decreased value
* Lenders wanted hard currency
* Hard $, not affected by inflation, increased value

Solid South

Democratic base in much of the South

GAR

Several 100,000 Union veterans that tended to vote Republican

Stalwarts

Led by Roscoe Conkling, believed in patronage

Half-Breeds

Led by James G. Blaine, wanted civil-service reform

Compromise of 1877

* Settled the dispute in the election of 1876 (Hayes - Republican, Tilden - Democrat)
* Hayes (R) is elected, Democrats are promised:
* Reconstruction ends, military is withdrawn
* Patronage, RR construction through Texas

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Guaranteed equal accommodation in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

* Supreme Court stated that 14th amendment only prohibited government violation of civil rights, not denial by individual
* Set the stage for legal segregation through Jim Crow laws

RR and Immigration

* 1880: 9% of CA population were Asian immigrants
* Asians tended to build RR and dig for gold
* Leads to discrimination and resentment towards immigrants (nativism)
* Chinese Exclusion Act - Limits Chinese immigration until 1943
* US vs. Wong Kim Ark - Guarantees citizenship to ALL people born in the US (didn’t apply to NA)

Rutherford B. Hayes

Compromise of 1877, 1st president to send troops to breaks up RR strike

James A. Garfield

* Died 6 months into office - Destiny of a Republic
* Favored civil service reform

Chester A. Arthur

* VP of Garfield, was a stalwart
* Pendleton Act of 1883, instituted Civil Service Reform

Grover Cleveland

Laissez-faire advocate

Tariffs

* 1881: Treasury had an annual surplus of $145 million
* Most of government revenue came from tariffs
* Cleveland wanted lower tariffs (Democrat)
* McKinley Tariff of 1890
* Highest peacetime rate ever (48.4%)
* Hated by farmers, loved by North


* ^^**R**^^epublicans wanted to ^^**R**^^aise Tariffs, ^^**D**^^emocrats wanted to ^^**D**^^ecrease Tariffs

Union Pacific RR

* built west from Omaha, NE
* Given 20 square miles of land for each mile of track laid
* Given generous loans from government
* “Irish Paddies”

Central Pacific RR

* Sacramento to Sierra Nevada
* Given same subsidies as Union Pacific
* Used predominantly Chinese labor

Great Northern

Minnesota to Seattle

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Made millions in RR industry, popularized the steel rail

Improvements in RR

* Steel rail - safer, stronger, last longer
* Standard gauge - interchangeable parts, ELI WHITNEY
* Westinghouse air brake
* Pullman Palace Cars

Impacts of RR

* RRs “created an enormous domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods”
* Other impacts of RR
* Stimulated immigration
* Establishment of time zones

Wrongdoing in RR

* Stock watering - Railroad stock promoters grossly inflated the value of stock
* RR tycoons became very powerful
* Bribed judges and legislators, employed lobbyists
* “Pools”
* An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits
* Charged more for short than long hauls

Governmental dilemma against RR domination

* Should the government intervene? Against laissez-faire philosophy (Cleveland)
* Farmers wanted to regulate RRs
* Wabash case:
* Individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce
* ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)
* Prohibited rebates and pools
* First large-scale legislation passed by federal government to regulate corporations in the interest of society
* ICC didn’t effectively regulate the RRs, way to appease the public

Stock watering

Railroad stock promoters grossly inflated the value of stock

“Pools”

An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits

Wabash v. Illinois

Individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

* Prohibited rebates and pools
* First large-scale legislation passed by federal government to regulate corporations in the interest of society
* Didn’t effectively regulate the RRs, way to appease the public

New Inventions

* Millionaires look for areas to invest their capital
* Patents were issues at high rates
* Key inventions
* Phone (Alexander Graham Bell); leads to women working the “switchboard”
* Electric light, phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, moving pictures

Integrations

* Andrew Carnegie (steel) introduces vertical integration
* Controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end
* Improves efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminate middlemen’s fees
* Horizontal integration (Rockefeller)
* Owning most or all business in an industry
* Illegal

Vertical Integration

* Andrew Cernegie
* Controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end
* Improves efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminate middlemen’s fees

Horizontal integration

* Rockefeller
* Owning most or all business in an industry
* Illegal

The Gospel of Wealth

* Carnegie believed the wealthy should be morally responsible 
* “Survival of the fittest”
* Darwin’s ideas about species were later applied to business and humans

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

* Created in response to public demand for curbing excess of trusts
* Provision - Forbade combination in restraint of trade
* Largely ineffective as it had no significant enforcement mechanism
* Ironically used by corporations to curb labor unions or labor combination that were deemed to be restraining trade

Impact of the IR on America

* Standard of living rose sharply and remained highest in the world
* Urbanization developed as a result of factories
* The work-place became regimented and impersonal
* Women achieved social and economic independence in new careers such as typing, sternography, and switchboard operating
* Marriages delayed, smaller families resulted

Unions (generalized)

* Massive immigration created a favorable labor market for owners
* Advantages against unions
* Could import strike breakers (scabs)
* Courts could order to end
* Hayes used military
* “Yellow-dog contracts”
* “Black list”

Labor Unions (specific)

* National Labor Union
* Major boost to union movement
* Lasted 6 years, 600,000 workers
* Excluded Chinese, barely included women
* Knights of Labor (Led by Terence Powderly)
* Much leadership and membership was Irish
* Sought to include all workers in “one big union” including blacks and women
* Wanted 8 hour work day
* **Skilled and unskilled workers**
* Downfall of the Knights of Labor
* Demise due to Great Upheaval (1886) - 1,400 strikes involving 500,000 workers and Haymarket Square Bombing:
* Alleged German anarchists urged violent overthrow of government
* A dynamite bomb thrown in the crowd that killed or injured dozens
* Knights were associated with anarchists

National Labor Union

* Major boost to union movement
* Lasted 6 years, 600,000 workers
* Excluded Chinese, barely included women

Knights of Labor

* Led by Terence Powderly
* Much leadership and membership was Irish
* Sought to include all workers in “one big union” including blacks and women
* Wanted 8 hour work day
* ^^**Skilled and unskilled workers**^^

Downfall of the Knights of Labor

* Demise due to Great Upheaval (1886) - 1,400 strikes involving 500,000 workers and Haymarket Square Bombing:
* Alleged German anarchists urged violent overthrow of government
* A dynamite bomb thrown in the crowd that killed or injured dozens
* Knights were associated with anarchists

AFL

* Formed in 1886 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers
* Shunned politics of economic strategies and goals - bread and butter issues
* Only consisted of skilled workers
* Consisted of an association of self-governing national unions with the AFL unifying overall strategy
* Chief weapons were walkout and boycott

General ideas around urbanization

* 1st skyscraper built in Chicago in 1885
* Aspects of cities
* Electric trolleys
* Residential neighborhoods segregated by race
* Industrial jobs drew people from the country 
* Cities gave women economic opportunity and independence
* Social workers, secretaries, stenographers, etc.
* Rural general stores replaced by Sears and Montgomery Ward mail order catalogs
* What stores are replacing “mom and pop” stores today
* Issues in city life
* Waste disposal
* Criminals flourished
* Uncollected garbage
* Population explosion
* Tenement housing

Issues in city life

* Waste disposal
* Criminals flourished
* Uncollected garbage
* Population explosion
* Tenement housing

The New Immigration

* **Old Immigration: Before 1880**
* Mostly British and Western European
* Usually Protestant (some German and Irish Catholics)
* High literacy rate
* Adjusted to American life easily
* New Immigration (1880 - 1920)
* Southern and Eastern Europe
* Mostly illiterate, poor, and likely to work in cities
* Tensions mount between New and Old Immigrants

Reasons for Immigration

* Pull factors
* American Letters
* No military conscription
* Free from institutionalized religious persecution
* “Birds of Passage”
* Push factors
* Many Jews forced to leave, and became tailors and shopkeepers
* Europe’s population increasing at drastic rates, many unemployed people

Pull factors for immigration

* American Letters
* No military conscription
* Free from institutionalized religious persecution
* “Birds of Passage”

Push factors for immigration

* Many Jews forced to leave, and became tailors and shopkeepers
* Europe’s population increasing at drastic rates, many unemployed people

Reactions to New Immigration

* Mostly ignored, except by political bosses
* Rewarded with jobs
* Tammany Hall
* **Social crusaders attempted to improve the “**__**shame of the cities**__**”**
* Walter Rauschenbach and Washington Gladden
* Insisted that churches tackle social issues
* Jane Addams
* __**Hull House**__ (Settlement House), Chicago

Walter Rauschenbach and Washington Gladden

Insisted that churches tackle social issues

Jane Addams

__**Hull House**__ (Settlement House), Chicago

Examples of Nativism

* Most New Immigrants came for same reasons of Old; to escape poverty
* More concern about New Immigrants
* High birth rate
* Anglo-Saxons could be outvoted and outnumbered
* Radical ideas such as socialism, communism, anarchism, etc.
* Anti-foreign groups emerge
* APA urged voting against Catholics

More about immigration (Info Card)

* New immigrants were used as strikebreakers
* Immigrants were hard to unionize (language)
* 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act (Chinese not part of New immigration)
* Literacy tests were proposed for immigration, but not enacted until 1917

The Social Gospel

* Church movement to improve conditions affecting society


* YMCA/YWCA were formed by churches
* Salvation Army
* Christian Science

Educational advancements

* Who helped spread influence and spread education?
* Horace Mann
* By 1900, high schools were increasing dramatically
* Free textbooks supported by taxpayers
* Private Religious Schools
* Illiteracy rates dropped from 20% in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900

Important AAs

* Booker T. Washington
* Former slave
* Believed blacks should be educated in trades so they could gain self-respect and economic security
* Labeled “Accommodationist” - someone who seeks compromise
* W.E.B Du Bois
* PhD from Harvard
* Demanded immediate political equality for Blacks
* Helped found NAACP
* Differences reflected the contrasting life experiences of southern and northern blacks

Booker T. Washington

* Former slave
* Believed blacks should be educated in trades so they could gain self-respect and economic security
* Labeled “Accommodationist” - someone who seeks compromise

W.E.B DuBois

* PhD from Harvard
* Demanded immediate political equality for Blacks
* Helped found NAACP

Development of New Schools

* Morrill Act of 1862:
* Granted public land to states for support of education
* Hatch Act of 1887:
* Provided federal funds for establishment of agricultural experiment stations
* New colleges and universities develop
* Cornell
* JHU

The Press and Journalism

* Sensationalism
* Public interested in sex, scandal, and human interest stories
* Yellow Journalism
* Exaggerating/making up stories to sell newspapers
* Hearst and Pulitzer

Important Books and Authors

* Edward Bellamy:
* *Looking Backward, government nationalized big business to serve public interest (socialism)*
* __**Horatio Alger**__
* **Wrote that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor**
* **Rags to Riches stories**
* Frank Norris
* The Octopuss, RR and corrupt politicians
* __**Jacob A. Riis**__ 
* **How the Other Half Lives (1890)**
* **Photo-journalist who exposed dirt, disease, vice, and misery of rat-infested New York slums**

Edward Bellamy

*Looking Backward*, government nationalized big business to serve public interest (socialism)

Horatio Alger

* Wrote that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor
* Rags to Riches stories

Frank Norris

*The Octopus*, RR and corrupt politicians

Jacob A. Riis

* *How the Other Half Lives* (1890)
* Photo-journalist who exposed dirt, disease, vice, and misery of rat-infested New York slums

Frederick Jackosn Turner

* Turner Thesis
* Argued closing of the frontier had ended an era in American history
* Used census report of 1890 to explain that settlement of the frontier had created the American character and spurred American development
* Frontier produced democracy

State of Native Americans (Westward Expansion)

* Populations continued to dwindle due to disease, fighting, etc.
* Shrinking bison population affected Natives
* Nomadic lifestyle
* “Buffalo Bill” Cody
* US military and NA engaged in several battle during the late 1800s
* Wounded, Battle of Little BigHorn
* ^^**Helen Hunt Jackson wrote** ***A Century of Dishonor***^^
* **Chronicled record of government ruthlessness and deceit toward NA**

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

* Dissolved many tribes as legal entities
* Wiped out tribal ownership of land
* Set up Indian family heads with 160 free acres
* Impact
* Completely altered way of Natives’ lives
* Forced assimilation
* Loss of culture

Homestead Act of 1862

* Encouraged settlement of western land by:
* Granting 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying small fee of $30
* Impact of Act
* In theory, favorable to those who could not afford to buy land
* 500,000 took advantage of it
* Land was not always the best, rain-scarce
* RR companies created phony people to acquire land

1890 Census

* Used in Turner Thesis
* For the first time in US History, frontier line was no longer discernible
* __**Safety-valve theory**__
* **Supposedly, during depressions, city unemployed moved west to farm and prospered.**
* **In reality, few city folk in eastern centers migrated to frontier during depressions**
* **In fact, near century’s end, many farmers moved to the city**

Safety-valve theory

* Supposedly, during depressions, city unemployed moved west to farm and prospered.
* In reality, few city folk in eastern centers migrated to frontier during depressions
* In fact, near century’s end, many farmers moved to the city

Crop lien system

* Basis of the commercialization of southern agriculture
* A planter or merchant extended a line of credit (at high interest rates) to a struggling farmer
* Impossible for a farmer to get out of debt
* Resulted in many poor white and black farmers becoming landless tenant farmers of sharecroppers

Benjamin Harrison

* Key accomplishments, laws
* Sherman Antitrust Act (RR monopolies)
* Sherman Silver Purchase Act
* Increased supply of silver (Westerners liked it in hopes of inflating currency)
* The Grange
* Provided social and economic opportunities for farmers
* Sought to end monopolies in RR, wanted government ownership of businesses
* Prelude to Populist Party

The Grange

* Provided social and economic opportunities for farmers
* Sought to end monopolies in RR, wanted government ownership of businesses
* Prelude to Populist Party

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

* State government can regulate industries when in best public interest
* Overturned by Wabash v. Illinois (states cannot regulate interstate commerce)

Greenback Labor Party

* Wanted to increase supply of $
* Didn’t receive many votes, but ideas later absorbed

Populist Party

* Absorbed some ideas from farmers
* Omaha Platform (written by Ignatius Donnelly)
* Free and unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16 to 1
* A graduated income tax (redistribution of wealth)
* Government ownership of the telephone and telegraph, and RR
* Initiative, referendum and recall
* Postal savings banks (safe repository run by government)
* Limiting government land grants to settlers rather than RR
* Direct election of senators
* 8 hour workday

Homestead Strike

* 1892, Pittsburgh, PA at Carnegie’s steel plant
* State govt’s sided with owners, strike organizers were charged with various crimes
* ^^**Remember, when in doubt, the govt sides with business in labor disputes, except for Teddy Roosevelt**^^

Pullman Strike

* Eugene V. Debs
* Federal government sent in military, said strike interfered with US mail
* Workers held strike in response to pay cuts

Injunction

Court order to mandate the breaking up of strikes

Causes of the Panic of 1893

* Overspeculation
* Stock-market crash
* Overproduction

Effects of the Panic of 1893

* Govt repeals Sherman Silver Act
* William Jennings Bryan’s *Cross of Gold*
* Against gold standard
* Pro silver introduction to help farmers and general public

Legacy of Populism

* Populism failed as a 3rd Party cause but had a political influence for 25 years after its defeat in the 1896 elections
* Population ideas that carried forward during the Progressive Era
* RR legislation
* Graduated income tax
* Direct election of Senators
* Initiative, referendum, and recall
* Initiative - individuals can propose laws to the government
* Referendum - individuals can vote on laws
* Recall - get rid of elected official