APUSH Unit 6 Test

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“Bloody Shirt”

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1

“Bloody Shirt”

Using Civil War memories to recieve votes

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2

Grant Administration Scandals

Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring

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Credit Mobilier

  • Railroad insiders hired themselves at inflated prices

  • VP of US accepted payments

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Whiskey Ring

  • Stole excise-tax revenues from Treasury department

  • Grant’s private secretary was involved

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Boss Tweed

  • Tammany Hall, stole over $200 million

  • Thomas Nast helped contribute to his capture

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6

Causes of Panic of 1873

  • Overproduction of RR’s, mines, factories, etc.

  • Bankers made too many risky loans

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Effects of Panic of 1873

  • Debate over hard currency vs. greenbacks

  • Debtors wanted greenbacks

    • Paper $, inflation decreased value

  • Lenders wanted hard currency

    • Hard $, not affected by inflation, increased value

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8

Solid South

Democratic base in much of the South

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9

GAR

Several 100,000 Union veterans that tended to vote Republican

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10

Stalwarts

Led by Roscoe Conkling, believed in patronage

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Half-Breeds

Led by James G. Blaine, wanted civil-service reform

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Compromise of 1877

  • Settled the dispute in the election of 1876 (Hayes - Republican, Tilden - Democrat)

  • Hayes (R) is elected, Democrats are promised:

    • Reconstruction ends, military is withdrawn

    • Patronage, RR construction through Texas

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

Guaranteed equal accommodation in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection

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14

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

  • Supreme Court stated that 14th amendment only prohibited government violation of civil rights, not denial by individual

  • Set the stage for legal segregation through Jim Crow laws

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15

RR and Immigration

  • 1880: 9% of CA population were Asian immigrants

    • Asians tended to build RR and dig for gold

    • Leads to discrimination and resentment towards immigrants (nativism)

  • Chinese Exclusion Act - Limits Chinese immigration until 1943

  • US vs. Wong Kim Ark - Guarantees citizenship to ALL people born in the US (didn’t apply to NA)

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16

Rutherford B. Hayes

Compromise of 1877, 1st president to send troops to breaks up RR strike

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17

James A. Garfield

  • Died 6 months into office - Destiny of a Republic

  • Favored civil service reform

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Chester A. Arthur

  • VP of Garfield, was a stalwart

  • Pendleton Act of 1883, instituted Civil Service Reform

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19

Grover Cleveland

Laissez-faire advocate

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Tariffs

  • 1881: Treasury had an annual surplus of $145 million

    • Most of government revenue came from tariffs

  • Cleveland wanted lower tariffs (Democrat)

  • McKinley Tariff of 1890

    • Highest peacetime rate ever (48.4%)

    • Hated by farmers, loved by North

  • ^^R^^epublicans wanted to ^^R^^aise Tariffs, ^^D^^emocrats wanted to ^^D^^ecrease Tariffs

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21

Union Pacific RR

  • built west from Omaha, NE

  • Given 20 square miles of land for each mile of track laid

  • Given generous loans from government

    • “Irish Paddies”

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Central Pacific RR

  • Sacramento to Sierra Nevada

  • Given same subsidies as Union Pacific

  • Used predominantly Chinese labor

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23

Great Northern

Minnesota to Seattle

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

Made millions in RR industry, popularized the steel rail

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25

Improvements in RR

  • Steel rail - safer, stronger, last longer

  • Standard gauge - interchangeable parts, ELI WHITNEY

  • Westinghouse air brake

  • Pullman Palace Cars

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Impacts of RR

  • RRs “created an enormous domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods”

  • Other impacts of RR

    • Stimulated immigration

      • Establishment of time zones

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Wrongdoing in RR

  • Stock watering - Railroad stock promoters grossly inflated the value of stock

  • RR tycoons became very powerful

    • Bribed judges and legislators, employed lobbyists

  • “Pools”

    • An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits

  • Charged more for short than long hauls

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Governmental dilemma against RR domination

  • Should the government intervene? Against laissez-faire philosophy (Cleveland)

  • Farmers wanted to regulate RRs

  • Wabash case:

    • Individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

  • ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

    • Prohibited rebates and pools

    • First large-scale legislation passed by federal government to regulate corporations in the interest of society

  • ICC didn’t effectively regulate the RRs, way to appease the public

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29

Stock watering

Railroad stock promoters grossly inflated the value of stock

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30

“Pools”

An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits

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31

Wabash v. Illinois

Individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

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ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

  • Prohibited rebates and pools

  • First large-scale legislation passed by federal government to regulate corporations in the interest of society

  • Didn’t effectively regulate the RRs, way to appease the public

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New Inventions

  • Millionaires look for areas to invest their capital

  • Patents were issues at high rates

  • Key inventions

    • Phone (Alexander Graham Bell); leads to women working the “switchboard”

    • Electric light, phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, moving pictures

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Integrations

  • Andrew Carnegie (steel) introduces vertical integration

    • Controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end

    • Improves efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminate middlemen’s fees

  • Horizontal integration (Rockefeller)

    • Owning most or all business in an industry

    • Illegal

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Vertical Integration

  • Andrew Cernegie

  • Controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end

  • Improves efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminate middlemen’s fees

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Horizontal integration

  • Rockefeller

  • Owning most or all business in an industry

  • Illegal

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The Gospel of Wealth

  • Carnegie believed the wealthy should be morally responsible

  • “Survival of the fittest”

    • Darwin’s ideas about species were later applied to business and humans

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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

  • Created in response to public demand for curbing excess of trusts

  • Provision - Forbade combination in restraint of trade

  • Largely ineffective as it had no significant enforcement mechanism

  • Ironically used by corporations to curb labor unions or labor combination that were deemed to be restraining trade

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Impact of the IR on America

  • Standard of living rose sharply and remained highest in the world

  • Urbanization developed as a result of factories

  • The work-place became regimented and impersonal

  • Women achieved social and economic independence in new careers such as typing, sternography, and switchboard operating

    • Marriages delayed, smaller families resulted

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Unions (generalized)

  • Massive immigration created a favorable labor market for owners

  • Advantages against unions

    • Could import strike breakers (scabs)

    • Courts could order to end

      • Hayes used military

    • “Yellow-dog contracts”

    • “Black list”

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Labor Unions (specific)

  • National Labor Union

    • Major boost to union movement

    • Lasted 6 years, 600,000 workers

    • Excluded Chinese, barely included women

  • Knights of Labor (Led by Terence Powderly)

    • Much leadership and membership was Irish

    • Sought to include all workers in “one big union” including blacks and women

    • Wanted 8 hour work day

    • Skilled and unskilled workers

  • Downfall of the Knights of Labor

    • Demise due to Great Upheaval (1886) - 1,400 strikes involving 500,000 workers and Haymarket Square Bombing:

      • Alleged German anarchists urged violent overthrow of government

      • A dynamite bomb thrown in the crowd that killed or injured dozens

    • Knights were associated with anarchists

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National Labor Union

  • Major boost to union movement

  • Lasted 6 years, 600,000 workers

  • Excluded Chinese, barely included women

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Knights of Labor

  • Led by Terence Powderly

  • Much leadership and membership was Irish

  • Sought to include all workers in “one big union” including blacks and women

  • Wanted 8 hour work day

  • Skilled and unskilled workers

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Downfall of the Knights of Labor

  • Demise due to Great Upheaval (1886) - 1,400 strikes involving 500,000 workers and Haymarket Square Bombing:

    • Alleged German anarchists urged violent overthrow of government

    • A dynamite bomb thrown in the crowd that killed or injured dozens

  • Knights were associated with anarchists

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AFL

  • Formed in 1886 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers

    • Shunned politics of economic strategies and goals - bread and butter issues

    • Only consisted of skilled workers

  • Consisted of an association of self-governing national unions with the AFL unifying overall strategy

  • Chief weapons were walkout and boycott

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General ideas around urbanization

  • 1st skyscraper built in Chicago in 1885

  • Aspects of cities

    • Electric trolleys

    • Residential neighborhoods segregated by race

  • Industrial jobs drew people from the country

  • Cities gave women economic opportunity and independence

    • Social workers, secretaries, stenographers, etc.

  • Rural general stores replaced by Sears and Montgomery Ward mail order catalogs

    • What stores are replacing “mom and pop” stores today

  • Issues in city life

    • Waste disposal

    • Criminals flourished

    • Uncollected garbage

    • Population explosion

    • Tenement housing

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Issues in city life

  • Waste disposal

  • Criminals flourished

  • Uncollected garbage

  • Population explosion

  • Tenement housing

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The New Immigration

  • Old Immigration: Before 1880

  • Mostly British and Western European

  • Usually Protestant (some German and Irish Catholics)

    • High literacy rate

    • Adjusted to American life easily

  • New Immigration (1880 - 1920)

    • Southern and Eastern Europe

    • Mostly illiterate, poor, and likely to work in cities

  • Tensions mount between New and Old Immigrants

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Reasons for Immigration

  • Pull factors

    • American Letters

    • No military conscription

    • Free from institutionalized religious persecution

    • “Birds of Passage”

  • Push factors

    • Many Jews forced to leave, and became tailors and shopkeepers

    • Europe’s population increasing at drastic rates, many unemployed people

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Pull factors for immigration

  • American Letters

  • No military conscription

  • Free from institutionalized religious persecution

  • “Birds of Passage”

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Push factors for immigration

  • Many Jews forced to leave, and became tailors and shopkeepers

  • Europe’s population increasing at drastic rates, many unemployed people

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Reactions to New Immigration

  • Mostly ignored, except by political bosses

    • Rewarded with jobs

    • Tammany Hall

  • Social crusaders attempted to improve the “shame of the cities

  • Walter Rauschenbach and Washington Gladden

    • Insisted that churches tackle social issues

  • Jane Addams

    • Hull House (Settlement House), Chicago

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Walter Rauschenbach and Washington Gladden

Insisted that churches tackle social issues

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Jane Addams

Hull House (Settlement House), Chicago

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Examples of Nativism

  • Most New Immigrants came for same reasons of Old; to escape poverty

  • More concern about New Immigrants

    • High birth rate

    • Anglo-Saxons could be outvoted and outnumbered

    • Radical ideas such as socialism, communism, anarchism, etc.

  • Anti-foreign groups emerge

    • APA urged voting against Catholics

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More about immigration (Info Card)

  • New immigrants were used as strikebreakers

  • Immigrants were hard to unionize (language)

  • 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act (Chinese not part of New immigration)

  • Literacy tests were proposed for immigration, but not enacted until 1917

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The Social Gospel

  • Church movement to improve conditions affecting society

  • YMCA/YWCA were formed by churches

  • Salvation Army

  • Christian Science

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Educational advancements

  • Who helped spread influence and spread education?

    • Horace Mann

  • By 1900, high schools were increasing dramatically

    • Free textbooks supported by taxpayers

    • Private Religious Schools

  • Illiteracy rates dropped from 20% in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900

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Important AAs

  • Booker T. Washington

    • Former slave

    • Believed blacks should be educated in trades so they could gain self-respect and economic security

    • Labeled “Accommodationist” - someone who seeks compromise

  • W.E.B Du Bois

    • PhD from Harvard

    • Demanded immediate political equality for Blacks

    • Helped found NAACP

  • Differences reflected the contrasting life experiences of southern and northern blacks

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Booker T. Washington

  • Former slave

  • Believed blacks should be educated in trades so they could gain self-respect and economic security

  • Labeled “Accommodationist” - someone who seeks compromise

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W.E.B DuBois

  • PhD from Harvard

  • Demanded immediate political equality for Blacks

  • Helped found NAACP

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Development of New Schools

  • Morrill Act of 1862:

    • Granted public land to states for support of education

  • Hatch Act of 1887:

    • Provided federal funds for establishment of agricultural experiment stations

  • New colleges and universities develop

    • Cornell

    • JHU

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The Press and Journalism

  • Sensationalism

    • Public interested in sex, scandal, and human interest stories

  • Yellow Journalism

    • Exaggerating/making up stories to sell newspapers

    • Hearst and Pulitzer

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Important Books and Authors

  • Edward Bellamy:

    • Looking Backward, government nationalized big business to serve public interest (socialism)

  • Horatio Alger

    • Wrote that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor

    • Rags to Riches stories

  • Frank Norris

    • The Octopuss, RR and corrupt politicians

  • Jacob A. Riis

    • How the Other Half Lives (1890)

    • Photo-journalist who exposed dirt, disease, vice, and misery of rat-infested New York slums

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Edward Bellamy

Looking Backward, government nationalized big business to serve public interest (socialism)

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Horatio Alger

  • Wrote that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor

  • Rags to Riches stories

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Frank Norris

The Octopus, RR and corrupt politicians

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Jacob A. Riis

  • How the Other Half Lives (1890)

  • Photo-journalist who exposed dirt, disease, vice, and misery of rat-infested New York slums

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Frederick Jackosn Turner

  • Turner Thesis

  • Argued closing of the frontier had ended an era in American history

  • Used census report of 1890 to explain that settlement of the frontier had created the American character and spurred American development

  • Frontier produced democracy

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State of Native Americans (Westward Expansion)

  • Populations continued to dwindle due to disease, fighting, etc.

  • Shrinking bison population affected Natives

    • Nomadic lifestyle

    • “Buffalo Bill” Cody

  • US military and NA engaged in several battle during the late 1800s

    • Wounded, Battle of Little BigHorn

  • Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor

    • Chronicled record of government ruthlessness and deceit toward NA

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Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

  • Dissolved many tribes as legal entities

  • Wiped out tribal ownership of land

  • Set up Indian family heads with 160 free acres

  • Impact

    • Completely altered way of Natives’ lives

    • Forced assimilation

    • Loss of culture

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Homestead Act of 1862

  • Encouraged settlement of western land by:

    • Granting 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying small fee of $30

  • Impact of Act

    • In theory, favorable to those who could not afford to buy land

    • 500,000 took advantage of it

    • Land was not always the best, rain-scarce

    • RR companies created phony people to acquire land

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1890 Census

  • Used in Turner Thesis

  • For the first time in US History, frontier line was no longer discernible

  • Safety-valve theory

    • Supposedly, during depressions, city unemployed moved west to farm and prospered.

    • In reality, few city folk in eastern centers migrated to frontier during depressions

    • In fact, near century’s end, many farmers moved to the city

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Safety-valve theory

  • Supposedly, during depressions, city unemployed moved west to farm and prospered.

  • In reality, few city folk in eastern centers migrated to frontier during depressions

  • In fact, near century’s end, many farmers moved to the city

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Crop lien system

  • Basis of the commercialization of southern agriculture

  • A planter or merchant extended a line of credit (at high interest rates) to a struggling farmer

  • Impossible for a farmer to get out of debt

  • Resulted in many poor white and black farmers becoming landless tenant farmers of sharecroppers

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Benjamin Harrison

  • Key accomplishments, laws

    • Sherman Antitrust Act (RR monopolies)

    • Sherman Silver Purchase Act

      • Increased supply of silver (Westerners liked it in hopes of inflating currency)

  • The Grange

    • Provided social and economic opportunities for farmers

    • Sought to end monopolies in RR, wanted government ownership of businesses

    • Prelude to Populist Party

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The Grange

  • Provided social and economic opportunities for farmers

  • Sought to end monopolies in RR, wanted government ownership of businesses

  • Prelude to Populist Party

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Munn v. Illinois (1877)

  • State government can regulate industries when in best public interest

  • Overturned by Wabash v. Illinois (states cannot regulate interstate commerce)

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Greenback Labor Party

  • Wanted to increase supply of $

  • Didn’t receive many votes, but ideas later absorbed

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Populist Party

  • Absorbed some ideas from farmers

  • Omaha Platform (written by Ignatius Donnelly)

    • Free and unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16 to 1

    • A graduated income tax (redistribution of wealth)

    • Government ownership of the telephone and telegraph, and RR

    • Initiative, referendum and recall

    • Postal savings banks (safe repository run by government)

    • Limiting government land grants to settlers rather than RR

    • Direct election of senators

    • 8 hour workday

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Homestead Strike

  • 1892, Pittsburgh, PA at Carnegie’s steel plant

  • State govt’s sided with owners, strike organizers were charged with various crimes

  • Remember, when in doubt, the govt sides with business in labor disputes, except for Teddy Roosevelt

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Pullman Strike

  • Eugene V. Debs

  • Federal government sent in military, said strike interfered with US mail

  • Workers held strike in response to pay cuts

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Injunction

Court order to mandate the breaking up of strikes

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Causes of the Panic of 1893

  • Overspeculation

  • Stock-market crash

  • Overproduction

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Effects of the Panic of 1893

  • Govt repeals Sherman Silver Act

  • William Jennings Bryan’s Cross of Gold

    • Against gold standard

    • Pro silver introduction to help farmers and general public

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Legacy of Populism

  • Populism failed as a 3rd Party cause but had a political influence for 25 years after its defeat in the 1896 elections

  • Population ideas that carried forward during the Progressive Era

    • RR legislation

    • Graduated income tax

    • Direct election of Senators

    • Initiative, referendum, and recall

      • Initiative - individuals can propose laws to the government

      • Referendum - individuals can vote on laws

      • Recall - get rid of elected official

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