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sessile
organism permanently attached to one place
cnidocytes
nematocyst-containing stinging cell on a cnidarian’s tentacle
nematocysts
capsule whose threadlike tube contains poison and barbs and is discharged when prey touches a cnidarian.
hydrostatic skeleton
fluid within a closed space that provides ridged support for muscles to work against.
mantle
membrane that surrounds a mollusk’s internal organs.
radula
rasping tongue-like organ with rows of teeth that many mollusks use in feeding
setae
tiny bristle that digs into soil and anchors an earthworm as it moves forward.
thorax
middle body region of an arthropod consisting of three fused main segments that may bear legs and wings
abdomen
in invertebrate, posterior body region that contains segments, digestive structures, reproductive organs, and bears additional legs; in vertebrates, part of body that is between the diaphragm and pelvis
appendages
a structure such as a leg or an antenna that grows and extends from the body or body covering.
water-vascular system
system of fluid-filled, closed tubes that allow echinoderms to control movement and get food
Chordates
animal of the phylum Chordata having a dorsal tubular nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a postanal tail at some point in its development.
Invertebrate
chordate without a backbone
Amnion
fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects a developing embryo
Mammary glands
mammalian gland that produces and secretes milk to nourish developing young
fins
a paddle-shaped structure used for balance, steering, and propulsion
endotherms
organism that generates its body heat internally by its own metabolism
placenta
in most mammals, the specialized organ that provides food and oxygen to the developing young and removes its waste
sternum
the breastbone in vertebrates; in birds, bone to which flight muscles are attached
scales
small, flat, platelike structure on the skin surface of most fishes
feathers
specialized outgrowth of the skin of birds used for flight and insulation
amniotic egg
egg that provides a complete environment for the developing embryo with a yolk sac for nutrition, protective internal membranes and fluid, and a protective outer shell
contour feathers
feathers that cover the body, wings, and tail of a bird
monotremes
mammals that lay eggs
behavior
any way that an animal responds to a stimulus
innate behavior
genetically based
fixed action pattern
an animal that carries out a specific set of actions in the same order in response to a stimulus
learned behavior
behavior that results from an interaction between genetically based behaviors and past experiences
habituation
a decrease in an animals response after repeatedly being exposed to a stimulus
classical conditioning
an association is made between two different kinds of stimuli
operant conditioning
learning to associate a response to a stimulus with a reward or punishment
imprinting
learning that occurs within a specific time period in an animal’s life and is permanent
cognitive behavior
an animal solves a problem
agonistic behavior
threating or combative behavior between two members of the same species
dominance hierarchies
ranking system in which the top-ranked animal gets access to resources without conflict from others in the group
territorial behaviors
competitive behavior in which an animal tries to adopt and defend a physical area
foraging behaviors
ecological behavior that involves finding and eating food
migratory behaviors
seasonal movement of a group of animals to a new location for feeding and breeding
circadian rhythm
cycle that occurs daily, such as sleeping and waking
language
auditory communication in which animals use their vocal organs to produce sounds with shared meaning
courting beahviors
species-specific series of movements or sounds used to attract a mate
nurturing behaviors
caretaking behavior that a parent provides to its offspring during early stages of development
altruistic behavior
self-sacrificing behavior that benefits another individual
natural selection
traits that result in the greatest number of offspring eventually become the most common trait in the population
marsupials
offspring that develop in a pouch
placental mammals
placenta that provides food and oxygen