Ap Psych Motivation, Emotion, Personality, and Psychodynamics-related Flashcards

Drive-Reduction Theory

Behavior is motivated by the need to reduce/fulfill internal desire

Restores homeostasis

Ghrelin and Leptin

G stimulates hunger L makes u feel full

Arousal Theory

Motivation to maintain optimal level of alertness

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance increases at optimal level of arousal

Sensation-Seeking theory

Motivation is driven by the need for varied, novel, and intense experiences

Adventure Seeking

Desire for new and challenging experiences

Disinhibition

Enjoying behaviors that are usually restrained by social norms and inhibitions

(join club for interest that may be looked down upon)

Incentive Theory

Behavior motivated by desire for external rewards

Arousal theory

The motivation to maintain an optimal level of alertness, too low and u sleep, while too high means u need to calm down

Self-Determination Theory

People are motivated by intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory

Describes psychological struggles where individuals must choose between two choices

Approach Approach Conflicts

Having to choose between two desirable options

Avoidance Avoidance

Occur when one must choose between two equally undesirable options

Approach avoidance conflict

Individual is drawn to and repelled by the same option, means there is both a pro and a con

Elicitors

Environmental events, cues, or stimuli that trigger emotional/behavioral responses

Arousal comes before emotion

Emotions are result of own physical, physiological reactions to stimuli

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions can influence emotions

Arousal and Emotion occur simultaneously

An emotion triggering stimuli causes both bodily arousal and emotional experiences at same time

Arousal + cognitive label=emotion

Interpretation of arousal determines specific emotion we experience

Broaden and build theory of emotion

Positive emotions inspire openness and new experiences, negative ones do the opp.

Universal Emotions

Anger, disgust, happiness, surprise, fear, sadness

Display Rules

Cultural norms dictating how individuals express emotions

Psychodynamic theory

Theories that view personality with a focus on unconscious and importance of childhood experiences

Preconscious Mind

Information, memories, and thoughts not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily accessed

Unconscious mind

Includes unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Accessed by dreams, hypnosis

Projective Tests

Personality assessments used to uncover unconscious thoughts

Denial

Defense mechanism where individual refuses to acknowledge painful realities

Displacement

Ego redirects aggressive or other impulses from dangerous target to substitute

Projection

When unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives are unconsciously attributed to other individuals

Rationalization

Unconscious creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviors

Reaction Formation

When individual replaces anxiety provoking impulse with exact opposite

Sublimation

Turning unacceptable impulses into ones accepted by society

Unconditional Positive Regard

Individual is accepted and loved as they are

Self-actualizing tendency

Innate drive in every individual to grow and develop

Social cognitive theory

Emphasizes influence of cognition process, behaviors, and context (how they affect one another)

Reciprocal Determinism

Individual’s behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other interactively

Self-Concept

Way you view yourself

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one’s own ability affects performance

Trait theories

Personality is made of stable characteristics

Big Five Theory

Personality defined by five broad dimensions:

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Personal inventories

Standardized tools used to asses/measure individual personality tests

Factor analysis

Statistical method used to identify clusters of related items in set of data

Definitions of the Big 5

O-Tendency to be open to new experiences

C-Tendency to range from being uptight to laid back

E-Extent to which one is sociable

A-Are you more of a peace maker, or vocal/confrontational type of person?

N-Extent to which one has a masterful control of their emotions/is prone to stress