anatomy osteology pt1

Skeletal System

• Supporting framework of the body

• Provides the system of levers used in locomotion

• Protects soft parts

• Reservoir for calcium, phosphate, and other ions

Axial Skeleton

bones of the skull

Hyoid apparatus

Cartilages of the larynx

Bones of the vertebral column

Ribs

Sternum

bones in axial skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

bones of the thoracic girdle and forelimbs and the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs

Splanchnic Skeleton

bones found within the soft tissue

Support

Protection

Locomotion

Storage

Hemopoiesis

skeletal system functions

321 bones

total bones of dog

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20-23

vertebral formula of the dog

Long Bone

Short Bone

Irregular Bone

Flat Bone

classification of bones

Long Bones

they act as levers

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Metaphysis

parts of long bone

Diaphysis

cylindrical shaft of a long bone between the two epiphyses

Epiphysis

• Either end of a long bone

• Proximal or distal

Metaphysis

flared area adjacent to the epiphysis

3

how many center of ossification in long bones

Short Bones

diffuse concussion or reduce friction

1

how many center of ossification in short bones

Flat Bones

• Relatively thin

• For protection of organs

• Attachment of muscles

• Has diploe

Diploe

uniting spongy bone of the flat bones of cranium

Irregular Bones

• For support and ligament attachment

• Vertebral column, all bones of the skull not of flat type

Pneumatic Bone

lined by mucous membrane rather than marrow and communicate with the respiratory system

Skeletal Pneumaticity

• The presence of air spaces within bones

• Produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula

Skull

Humerus

Clavicle

Keel

Pelvic Girdle

Lumbar Vertebra

Sacral Vertebra

pneumatic bones are found in

Abberant Long Bone

morphological deviation in long bones or their growth centers

Ribs

example of abberant long bone

Sesamoid Bone

• Resemblance with sesame seeds

• Bones that developed in tendons to afford increased leverage

Patella and Fabella

example of sesamoid bone

Baculum

other name of os penis

Os Penis

example of Splanchnic Bone

Compact Bone

hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones

Cancellous Bone

• composed of spicules arranged to form a porous network

• spaces are usually filled with marrow

Medullary Cavity

space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone

Epiphyseal Cartilage

• Layer of hyaline cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone

• Area where the bone lengthens

Articular Cartilage

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular (joint) surface of a bone

Periosteum

Fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone except where articular cartilage is located

Endosteum

Fibrous membrane that lines the marrow cavity and osteona canals (osteons) of a bone

Nutrient Foramina

• Allow for the passage of blood vessels into and out of the bone

• Can be found in the epiphyses of young bones as well as diaphysis

• May be mistaken as a fracture on radiographs

Hydroxyapatite

Type I Collagen

Proteins, lipids, enzyme

bone is made up of

Osteoblast

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

bone cells

Osteoblast

create proteins of the matrix

Osteocytes

• previously osteoblast

• enclosed in a lacuna and communicate through caniculi

Osteoclasts

break down and absorb old bone

Intramembranous Ossification

• Mainly occurs during formation of flat bones

• formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage

Endochondral Ossification

• Occurs in long bones and most of the rest of the bones in body

• involves an initial hyaline cartilage that continues to grow

Articular Projections

Non-Articular Projections

Articular Depression

Non-Articular Depression

bony features

Head

Condyles

Trochlea

Facet

articular projections

Head

spherical articular projection

Condyles

approximately cylindrical articular mass

Trochlea

pulleylike articular mass

Facet

relatively flat articular surface

Process

Tuberosity

Tubercle

Spine

Crest

Neck

Line

non-articular projections

Process

general term for bone projection

Tuberosity

relatively large non-articular projection

Tubercle

smaller projection

Spine

pointed projection

Crest

sharp edge

Neck

cylindrical part of bone to which a head is attached

Line

small ridge

Fovea

Glenoid Cavity

Notch

articular depression

Fovea

small depression

Glenoid Cavity

shallow articular concavity

Notch

indentation

Fossa

Foramen

Canal

non-articular depression

Fossa

large nonarticular depression

Foramen

circumscribed hole in bone

Canal

tunnel through one or more bone