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What does the normal functioning of the alpha motor neuron depend on? Choose the correct option.
-Network of circuits for control
-Feedback from muscles and tendons and joints
-Interneurons intervening between a stimulus and motor act
-Circuits giving rise to rhythmic motor activity
-Feedback from muscles and tendons and joints
What process affects antagonistic muscles when the elbows are flexed? Choose the correct option.
- Excitation-contraction coupling
- Flexor reflex
- Crossed-extensor reflex
- Reciprocal inhibition
- Reciprocal inhibition
What type of motor neurons ensures that the spindle continues to provide information about muscle length during muscle contraction? Choose the correct option.
- Gamma motor neurons
- Spinal interneurons
- Alpha motor neurons
- Upper motor neurons
- Gamma motor neurons
Which reflex prevents you from falling when you suddenly lift one foot off the ground in response to pain? Choose the correct option.
- Knee-jerk reflex
- Crossed-extensor reflex
- Ib reflex arc
- Stretch reflex
- Crossed-extensor reflex
What is reciprocal inhibition? Choose the correct option.
- The contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the relaxation of the antagonist muscles.
- The contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the contraction of the same muscles on the opposite side of the body
- Spinal interneurons have recurrent collaterals enabling them to synapse on themselves, thereby turning off their own inhibition
- Spinal interneurons integrate inhibitor input from both sides of the body.
- The contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the relaxation of the antagonist muscles
What is the function of ventromedial pathways in the spinal cord? Choose the correct option.
- Control of posture and locomotion
- Motor planning
- Control of voluntary movement
- Relaying sensory information
- Control of posture and locomotion
In humans, what is the immediate effect of damage occurring to the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract? Choose the correct option.
- Increased muscle tone
- Dementia
- Paralysis on the contralateral side
- Violent flinging movements
- Paralysis on the contralateral side
Activity in which part of the brain is important for “ready” in the phrase “Ready, set, go”? Choose the correct option
- Cerebellum
- Supplementary and premotor motor cortex
- Parietal and frontal lobes
- Area 6
- Parietal and frontal lobes
What is the function of lateral pathways with regard to the descending motor pathways? Choose the correct option.
- Control the sensory modification of motor control
- Control the voluntary movement of distal musculature
- Control the posture and locomotion
- Control balance of head and shoulders
- Control the voluntary movement of distal musculature
Your doctor taps the tendon beneath your kneecap and your leg extends. What is the neural basis of this reflex? What is it called?
- When your doctor taps the tendon beneath your kneecap, the tendon attached to the quadriceps muscle of your thigh is stretched.
- When this muscle is stretched, the muscle spindles are stretched. Ia sensory fibers increase their firing as a result of this change in length.
- The Ia sensory fiber synapses on the alpha motor neuron.
- The alpha motor neuron fires, causing the muscle to contract and your leg to extend.
- This is called the myotatic or knee-jerk reflex.
What is ataxia? Choose the correct option.
- A condition in which the patient experiences a painful increase of muscle tone
- A condition in which the patient has difficulty in initiating willed movements
- A condition in which movements become uncoordinated and inaccurate
- A condition in which the patient exhibits violent and flinging movements
- A condition in which movements become uncoordinated and inaccurate
Consider the motor loop through the basal ganglia. Which of the following is the functional consequence of cortical activation of the putamen? Choose the correct option.
- Excitation of the subthalamic nucleus
- Excitation of the SMA by VL
- Inhibition of the SMA by VL
- Excitation of the globus pallidus
- Excitation of the SMA by VL
Which part of the brain participates in implementing the “go” in the phrase “Ready, set, go”? Choose the correct option.
- Area 7
- Supplementary and premotor areas
- Parietal and frontal lobes
- Major subcortical input to area 6
- Major subcortical input to area 6
In what lobes do we find auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor cortex? Choose the correct option.
- All sensory cortex is in the parietal lobe, and the motor cortex is in the frontal lobe.
- Temporal (visual), occipital (auditory), parietal (somatosensory), frontal (motor)
- Temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor)
-Temporal (somatosensory), occipital (auditory), parietal (visual), frontal (motor)
- Temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor)
Which side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand? Choose the correct option.
- Right
- Frontal
- Dorsal
- Left
- Right
Which of the following regulates vital bodily functions such as breathing? Choose the correct option.
- Brain stem
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Meninges
- Brain stem
Identify the inner layer of the skin. Choose the correct option.
- Dermis
- Glabrous
- Hairy
- Epidermis
- Dermis
Which of the following is the most posterior cerebral lobe in the brain? Choose the correct option.
- Occipital lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
What is somatotopy? Choose the correct option.
- Mapping of the surface of the cochlea
- Mapping of the retinal surface
- The single map of the body’s surface sensations in the cerebral cortex
- The mapping of the body’s surface sensations onto a structure in the brain
- The mapping of the body’s surface sensations onto a structure in the brain
Which type of primary afferent axon has the smallest diameter and the slowest conduction velocity? Choose the correct option.
- Aβ fibers
- Aδ fibers
- C fibers
- Aα fibers
- C fibers
What causes referred pain? Choose the correct option.
- Mixing of information from nociceptors that supply two different sources
- A pain in upper chest and left arm
- A pain in the abdominal wall and around the navel
- An unusual sensitivity to pain
- Mixing of information from nociceptors that supply two different sources
What is two-point discrimination? Choose the correct option.
- The smallest distance between two points that can be differentiated by the somatic sensory system
- The greatest distance between two points that can be differentiated by the somatic sensory system
- The average distance between two points that can be differentiated by the somatic sensory system
- The distance between two points that cannot be differentiated by the somatic sensory system
- The smallest distance between two points that can be differentiated by the somatic sensory system
Which quality of the somatic sensory cortical organization does the distortion of the sensory homunculus reflect? Choose the correct option.
- The relative size of the cortex that is devoted to each body part varies widely among different individuals.
- It is a primitive representation of the earlier stages of evolution.
- The uneven surface of the cortex disrupts the representation of the body surface.
- The relative size of the cortex that is devoted to each body part is correlated with the density of the sensory input received from that part.
- The relative size of the cortex that is devoted to each body part is correlated with the density of the sensory input received from that part.
Where are the motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles located? Choose the correct option.
- Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
- Cerebellum
- Motor areas of the brain
- Ventral horn of the spinal cord
- Ventral horn of the spinal cord
Why are flexors and extensors antagonists? Choose the correct option.
- They push the joint.
- They move faster and efficiently.
- They pull on the joint in opposite direction.
- They work together.
- They pull on the joint in opposite direction.
Why do ventral horns appear swollen in the cervical and lumbar enlargements? Choose the correct option.
- Larger numbers of motor neurons are needed in these regions to innervate the muscles of the limbs.
- These regions have more sensory fibers.
- These regions have more higher order motor neurons.
- These regions accommodate a complex network of interneurons.
- Larger numbers of motor neurons are needed in these regions to innervate the muscles of the limbs.
Which source of input to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord is responsible for the initiation and control of voluntary movement? Choose the correct option.
- Ventral horn neurons
- Upper motor neurons in motor cortex and brain stem
- Dorsal root ganglia
- Interneurons in the spinal cord
- Upper motor neurons in motor cortex and brain stem
What type of sensory information do muscle spindles transmit? Choose the correct option.
- Changes in muscle strength
- Changes in muscle length
- Changes in muscle tension
- Changes in angle of joint
- Changes in muscle length
What is the role of the pupil in vision? Choose the correct option
- Carries axons from the retina
- Allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina
- Provides color to the eye
- Protects the transparent surface of the eye
- Allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina
What is dark current? Choose the correct option.
- Dark current is a mechanism of phototransduction.
- The activity of rods during scotopic conditions
- Photoreceptors are depolarized in the dark because of a steady influx of sodium ions.
- Dark current inhibits cones in the dark.
- Photoreceptors are depolarized in the dark because of a steady influx of sodium ions.
Distinguish the responses of M-type and P-type retinal ganglion cells to stimulation of their receptive field centers. Choose the correct option.
- M cells conduct action potentials more rapidly than P cells.
- M cells respond with a transient burst of action potentials and P cells respond with a sustained discharge.
- M cells have larger receptive fields than P cells.
- M cells are larger than P cells.
- M cells respond with a transient burst of action potentials and P cells respond with a sustained discharge.
Which cells in the retina have axons that leave the retina? Choose the correct option.
- Ganglion cells
- Photoreceptors
- Bipolar cells
- Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells
- Ganglion cells
Which layer contains the light-sensitive elements of the retina? Choose the correct option.
- Ganglion cell layer
- Outer plexiform layer
- Inner nuclear layer
- Photoreceptor layer
- Photoreceptor layer
Which of the following ganglion cell axons cross to the opposite side of the brain? Choose the correct option.
- All axons originating in the temporal retina
- All axons originating in the right retina
- All axons originating in the nasal retina
- All axons originating in the left retina
- All axons originating in the nasal retina
Fibers from the nasal portion of the left retina cross to the right side of the brain at which of the following locations? Choose the correct option
- Optic chiasm
- Optic tract
- Optic nerve
- Optic tract axons
- Optic chiasm
Which of the following LGN neurons respond to the stimulation of the receptive field center with a transient burst of action potentials? Choose the correct option.
- Koniocellular LGN neurons
- Nonretinal LGN neurons
- Parvocellular LGN neurons
- Magnocellular LGN neurons
- Magnocellular LGN neurons
The nonM–nonP retinal ganglion cells project to which layer of the LGN? Choose the correct option.
- Koniocellular layer
- Layer IVC
- Magnocellular layer
- Parvocellular layer
- Koniocellular layer
What is a primary similarity in the visual receptive fields of LGN neurons and the ganglion cells that feed them? Choose the correct option.
- Both display orientation selectivity.
- Both are binocular.
- Both have center-surround receptive fields.
- Both are insensitive to wavelength.
- Both have center-surround receptive fields.
The M channel or magnocellular pathway is involved in the analysis of object motion and the guidance of motor actions. Which of the following receptive field characteristics reflects this specialization? Choose the correct option.
- Wavelength sensitivity
- Direction selectivity
- Color opponency
- Orientation selectivity
- Direction selectivity
Which of the following statements about LGNs is true? Choose the correct option.
- LGN receptive fields are monocular
- LGN receptive fields are binocular.
- The right LGN receives information about the right visual field.
- The visual receptive fields of LGN neurons are vastly different from the ganglion cells that feed them.
- LGN receptive fields are monocular
Which statement best reflects the qualities of the retinotopic maps in the LGN and striate cortex? Choose the correct option.
- All neurons are devoted to central vision, and none are devoted to peripheral vision.
- They have more neurons devoted to central vision and fewer neurons devoted to peripheral vision.
- They have equal numbers of neurons devoted to both central and peripheral vision.
- They have fewer neurons devoted to central vision and more neurons devoted to peripheral vision.
- They have more neurons devoted to central vision and fewer neurons devoted to peripheral vision.
The primary visual cortex, also known as V1 and the striate cortex, is located in what part of the brain in primates? Choose the correct option.
- Insula
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Occipital lobe
Which of the following is the function of direction-selective striate cortex neurons? Choose the correct option.
- Analysis of object color
- Analysis of object motion
- Analysis of object shape
- Analysis of object meaning
- Analysis of object motion
James, age 22 years, was riding a motorbike when he had an accident. A neuropsychological test revealed that James suffered extensive damage to area V4 in the ventral stream. What is the most likely deficit resulting from a V4 lesion? Select the correct option.
- Total vision deficit
- Peripheral vision deficit
- Color perception deficit
- Motion perception deficit
- Color perception deficit
Which of the following is the common characteristic in the receptive fields in the ganglion cells of the retina, the LGN, and striate cortex neurons in layer IVC? Choose the correct option.
- Center surround
- Optimal orientation of a bar of light
- Radial column of cells from pia to white matter
- Elongated bar of light moving across the receptive field
- Center surround
Where are the first binocular neurons encountered in the retinofugal projection? Choose the correct option.
- Retinal cells
- LGN
- Ganglion cells
- Striate cortex layers superficial to layer IVC
- Striate cortex layers superficial to layer IVC
Susan fell down the staircase and injured her head, causing a transection of the left optic nerve. What is the consequence of this lesion? Choose the correct option.
- Blindness in the right eye
- Blindness in the left visual field
- Blindness in the left eye
- Blindness in the right visual field
- Blindness in the left eye
Which of the following types of striate cortex neurons is specialized for the analysis of object color as determined by its anatomy and physiology? Choose the correct option.
- Complex cells
- Blob neurons
- Simple cells
- All visual neurons
- Blob neurons
When you place your hand on a speaker while playing loud music, which mechanoreceptor enables you to “feel” the speaker’s vibrations?
- Meissner’s Corpuscles
- Ruffini’s Endings
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors
- Pacinian corpuscles
Which of the following has large receptive fields that may cover an entire finger or half of the palm?
- Meissner’s Corpuscles
- Merkel’s Disk
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Krause end bulbs
- Meissner’s Corpuscles
What are mechanoreceptors?
- Sensitive to high-frequency vibrations
- Sensitive to smooth, mechanical surfaces
- Sensitive to physical distortion
- Sensitive to temperature changes
- Sensitive to physical distortion
What type of information does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway carry?
- Pain and Temperature
- Touch and temperature
- Pain and proprioception
- Touch and vibration
- Touch and vibration
What function is the highest level of control in the central motor system concerned with?
- Execution
- Mapping
- Strategy
- Tactics
- Strategy
What of the following is true about how Ml commands voluntary movement?
- The motor cortex is active only for complex voluntary movements
- The activity of each call cast multiple votes for a particular direction of movement
- The direction of movement is determined by spinal reflex mechanisms
- The activity of each cell represents a single vote for a particular direction of movement and the direction of movement is determined by averaging the votes in the population
- The activity of each cell represents a single vote for a particular direction of movement and the direction of movement is determined by averaging the votes in the population
Which of the following is a symptom of cerebellar damage?
- Tremors of the hands and jaws
- Abnormal movements, dementia, and kinesia
- Sequential joint movement and dysmetria
- Difficulty in initiating willed movements
- Sequential joint movement and dysmetria
Which of the following is the function of the loop formed by the basal ganglia, thalamus, and motor cortex?
- Selection and initiation of willed movements
- Controlling aspects of memory and cognition
- Planning movement of distal musculature
- Balancing the head and shoulders in space
- Selection and initiation of willed movements
When making tactical decisions, which part of the motor hierarchy controls the sequence of muscle contractions?
- Neocortex and basal ganglia of forebrain
- Brain stem and the spinal cord
- Motor Cortex and cerebellum
- Posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex
- Motor Cortex and cerebellum
Why there is no sensation of light at the optic disk?
- Because the optic disk is a theoretical construct
- Because there are no photoreceptors in the optic disk
- Because optic nerve fibers exit the retina at this point
- Because of the presence of the vitreous humor
- Because there are no photoreceptors in the optic disk
What is a center-surround receptive field?
- Photoreceptor receptive fields
- Central versus peripheral retina
- Two concentric areas with antagonistic responses to light on and light off
- Off versus on bipolar cells
- Two concentric areas with antagonistic responses to light on and light off
Why do we say that ganglion cells are mainly responsive to differences in illumination that occur within their receptive fields?
- Center-surround ganglion cells respond best when both the receptive field center and surround are stimulated uniformly
- Center-surround ganglion cells respond best when a light or dark edge falls at the boundary between the center and surround regions of the receptive field
- The response to stimulation in the center is canceled by the response to stimulation in the surround
- All ganglion cells have ON-center and OFF-surround receptive fields
- Center-surround ganglion cells respond best when a light or dark edge falls at the boundary between the center and surround regions of the receptive field
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